伴隨著中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展，‘留學(xué)’這件事情似乎也越來(lái)越揭開(kāi)了她神秘的面紗，它變得不再那么遙不可及。越來(lái)越多的‘90后’對(duì)自己留學(xué)之路的規(guī)劃也更加理性。他們不再是一味追求所謂的熱門專業(yè)，反而開(kāi)始尋找自己真正喜歡的，或者跟自己的人生規(guī)劃相結(jié)合的留學(xué)專業(yè)。這也是屬于‘90后’自己的特征，他們有主見(jiàn)、有想法，也越來(lái)越知道自己需要什么。在他們眼里，留學(xué)不僅僅是留學(xué)，更是移民國(guó)外的理想途徑。（咨詢）
眾所周知，美國(guó)是個(gè)留學(xué)大國(guó)，擁有著全球最優(yōu)秀的教育資源，每年吸納成千上萬(wàn)的海外留學(xué)生。然而，在美國(guó)的移民簽證政策越來(lái)越收緊的狀態(tài)下，留學(xué)生畢業(yè)后繼續(xù)留在美國(guó)就變的越來(lái)越困難。那今天這篇文章，就來(lái)給大家分析下當(dāng)下最火熱的STEM專業(yè)，以及怎么好好的利用自己的專業(yè)，從而擁有更多的機(jī)會(huì)留在美國(guó)工作，甚至移民。
2013年，奧巴馬總統(tǒng)提出新的移民政策中一直提到STEM這個(gè)詞，那STEM到底是什么呢?其實(shí)，STEM代表的是四種不同專業(yè)的大方向，共包含422個(gè)具體的專業(yè)(具體專業(yè)見(jiàn)文章下面的附錄一)。本文就是要解開(kāi)STEM的神秘面紗。
S代表Science科學(xué)，T代表Technology科技，E代表Engineering工程，M代表Mathematic數(shù)學(xué)。如果你的專業(yè)屬于這一類里面的，你將要獲得比別人多17個(gè)月的OPT(全稱Optional Practical Training，專業(yè)實(shí)習(xí))時(shí)間。OPT計(jì)劃是美國(guó)針對(duì)國(guó)際留學(xué)生頒布的一項(xiàng)政策。根據(jù)OPT計(jì)劃，國(guó)際學(xué)生從美國(guó)大學(xué)畢業(yè)后，可繼續(xù)以學(xué)生的身份在美國(guó)工作實(shí)習(xí)12個(gè)月，但是美國(guó)移民海關(guān)總署(ICE)規(guī)定，科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程和數(shù)學(xué)(即STEM)專業(yè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的畢業(yè)生OPT時(shí)間可延長(zhǎng)至29個(gè)月。
STEM，是美國(guó)乃至世界蓬勃崛起的前景學(xué)科，相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的工作也被認(rèn)為是未來(lái)薪資最高、最有澳際的職業(yè)。因此，STEM專業(yè)的留學(xué)生也享受到比其他專業(yè)學(xué)生多出150%(一年半)的畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)時(shí)間。近期有美國(guó)專家提出憂慮，認(rèn)為美國(guó)目前在STEM教育上落后于全球其他國(guó)家，應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)對(duì)其的重視和投入。
根據(jù)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇提出的數(shù)據(jù)，美國(guó)在教育系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量上排名全球28，在初等教育質(zhì)量上排名全球38，在數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)教育質(zhì)量上排名全球47。然而在與STEM相關(guān)的工作中，超過(guò)70%都與計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)有關(guān)。STEM專業(yè)教育和STEM就業(yè)的匹配程度出現(xiàn)了巨大反差。同時(shí)，由于美國(guó)目前經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況向下發(fā)展，與STEM相關(guān)的工作缺口非常巨大，已經(jīng)達(dá)到了3700萬(wàn)。社會(huì)市場(chǎng)基金會(huì)(The Social Market Foundation)的報(bào)告表示，由于勞動(dòng)大軍的老齡化問(wèn)題，每年將會(huì)有10萬(wàn)份需要STEM專業(yè)畢業(yè)生填補(bǔ)的工作缺口。而根據(jù)目前美國(guó)在學(xué)校中STEM人才的缺失看來(lái)，到了2018年，這一人才缺口將達(dá)到8600萬(wàn)。倘若那些從事非STEM專業(yè)工作的STEM畢業(yè)生人數(shù)不變，那么在2020年之前每年都需要額外的四萬(wàn)名STEM專業(yè)畢業(yè)生。
STEM的學(xué)科性質(zhì)決定了其自身發(fā)展的迅速性。據(jù)分析，到了2018年，92%的傳統(tǒng)STEM工作將需要工作人員接受中學(xué)以上的教育和培訓(xùn)。而目前在高中開(kāi)始時(shí)對(duì)STEM感興趣的美國(guó)學(xué)生，60%在畢業(yè)時(shí)失去了興趣。而那些選擇繼續(xù)在大學(xué)進(jìn)行STEM學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生，則展開(kāi)了在地球與空間科學(xué)、物質(zhì)與能量、生物醫(yī)學(xué)等廣闊領(lǐng)域的學(xué)習(xí)。在畢業(yè)后的就職選擇上，具有STEM知識(shí)背景的學(xué)生可以進(jìn)入如航空工程、人工智能等充滿樂(lè)趣的領(lǐng)域工作。另外，奧巴馬總統(tǒng)已經(jīng)提議投入800萬(wàn)美元提升STEM教育。所以國(guó)際學(xué)生在STEM領(lǐng)域具有非常大的發(fā)展?jié)摿Α?/p>
那么如此火熱并擁有良好前景的專業(yè)，畢業(yè)后申請(qǐng)OPT的條件又是什么呢?
要申請(qǐng)OPT的延期，F(xiàn)-1身份的學(xué)生必須：
1. 目前已經(jīng)完成學(xué)位，處于12個(gè)月的Post-completion OPT狀態(tài);
2. 已經(jīng)獲得了在科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程、數(shù)學(xué)(Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics)專業(yè)的學(xué)位。具體包括以下領(lǐng)域：Actuarial science, Computer science, Engineering, Engineering technologies, Biological and biomedical sciences, Mathematics and statistics, Military technologies, Physical sciences, Science technologies, Medical scientist;
3. 受雇于美國(guó)雇主，在與其專業(yè)直接相關(guān)的領(lǐng)域內(nèi)工作;
4. 雇主必須參加移民局的E-verify 項(xiàng)目;
5. 具有有效的F-1身份(注：OPT仍然屬F-1身份) 。
預(yù)祝有這方面潛質(zhì)的同學(xué)們，抓緊時(shí)間找好自己的專業(yè)定位，抓住這給力的政策，從而使自己在留美這條道路上越走越寬，越走越好。
附錄一：史上最全422個(gè)STEM專業(yè)列表
Acoustics
Actuarial Science
Aeronautical/Aerospace Engineering Technology/Technician
Aeronautics/Aviation/Aerospace Science and Technology, General
Aerospace Ground Equipment Technology
Aerospace Physiology and Medicine
Aerospace, Aeronautical and Astronautically/Space Engineering
Agricultural and Horticultural Plant Breeding
Agricultural Animal Breeding
Agricultural Engineering
Agro Ecology and Sustainable Agriculture
Agronomy and Crop Science
Air and Space Operational Art and Science
Air and Space Operations Technology
Air Science/Airpower Studies
Aircraft Armament Systems Technology
Algebra and Number Theory
Analysis and Functional Analysis
Analytical Chemistry
Anatomy
Animal Behavior and Ethology
Animal Genetics
Animal Health
Animal Nutrition
Animal Physiology
Animal Sciences, General
Animal Sciences, Other
Animation, Interactive Technology, Video Graphics and Specific Effects
Applied Mathematics, General
Applied Mathematics, Other
Aquatic Biology/Limnology
Archeology
Architectural and Building Sciences/Technology
Architectural Drafting and Architectural CAD/CADD
Architectural Engineering
Architectural Engineering Technology/Technician
Artificial Intelligence
Astronomy
Astronomy and Astrophysics, Other
Astrophysics
Atmospheric Chemistry and Climatology
Atmospheric Physics and Dynamics
Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, General
Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Other
Atomic/Molecular Physics
Automation Engineer Technology/Technician
Automotive Engineering Technology/Technician[SITESERVER_PAGE]
Behavioral Sciences
Bio Chemical Engineering
Biochemistry
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Other
Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering
Bio informatics
Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Other
Biological and Physical Sciences
Biological/Bio system Engineering
Biology Technician/Biotechnology Laboratory Technician
Biology/Biological Sciences, General
Bio Mathematics, Bio informatics, and Computational Biology, Other
Biomedical Sciences, General
Biomedical Technology/Technician
Biometry/Biometrics
Biophysics
Bio Psychology
Bio Statistics
Biotechnology
Botany/Plant Biology
Botany/Plant Biology, Other
Business Statistics
CAD/CADD Drafting and/or Design Technology/Technician
Cardiovascular Science
Cell Biology and Anatomy
Cell Physiology
Cell/Cellular and Molecular Biology
Cell/Cellular Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Other
Cell/Cellular Biology and Histology
Ceramic Sciences and Engineering
Chemical and Bio molecular Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering Technology/Technician
Chemical Engineering, Other
Chemical Physics
Chemical Process Technology
Chemical Technology/Technician
Chemistry, General
Chemistry, Other
Civil Drafting and Civil Engineering CAD/CADD
Civil Engineering Technology/Technician
Civil Engineering, General
Civil Engineering, Other
Clinical and Industrial Drug Development
Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist
Cognitive Psychology and Psycholinguistics
Cognitive Science
Combat Systems Engineering
Command & Control (C, CI) Systems and Operations
Comparative Psychology
Computational and Applied Mathematics
Computational Biology
Computational Mathematics
Computational Science
Computer and Information Sciences, General
Computer and Information Sciences, Other
Computer and Information Systems Security/Information Assurance
Computer Engineering Technologies/Technicians, Other
Computer Engineering Technology/Technician
Computer Engineering, General
Computer Engineering, Other
Computer Graphics
Computer Hardware Engineering
Computer Hardware Technology/Technician
Computer Programming, Other
Computer Programming, Specific Applications
Computer Programming, Vendor/Product Certification
Computer Programming/Programmer, General
Computer Science
Computer Software and Media Applications, Other
Computer Software Engineering
Computer Software Technology/Technician
Computer Support Specialist
Computer Systems Analysis/Analyst
Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications
Computer Technology/Computer Systems Technology
Computer/Information Technology Services Administration and Management, Other
Condensed Matter and Materials Physics
Conservation Biology
Construction Engineering
Construction Engineering Technology/Technician
Cyber/Computer Forensics and Counterterrorism
Cyber/Electronic Operations and Warfare
Cytotechnologist/Cytotechnologist
Dairy Science
Data Modeling/Warehousing and Database Administration
Data Processing and Data Processing Technology/Technician
Developmental and Child Psychology
Developmental Biology and Embryology
Digital Communication and Media/Multimedia
Directed Energy Systems
Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, General
Drafting/Design Engineering Technologies/Technicians, Other
Ecology
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Ecology, Evolution, Systematics and Population Biology, Other
Econometrics and Quantitative Economics
Educational Evaluation and Research
Educational Statistics and Research Methods
Educational/Instructional Technology
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologies/Technicians, Other
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician
Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering, Other
Electrical/Electronic Drafting and Electrical/Electronic CAD/CADD
Electromechanical and Instrumentation and aintenance
Technologies/Technicians, Other
Electromechanical Engineering
Electromechanical Technology/Electromechanical Engineering Technology
Elementary Particle Physics
Endocrinology
Energy Management and Systems Technology/Technician
Engineering Acoustics
Engineering Chemistry
Engineering Design
Engineering Mechanics
Engineering Physics/Applied Physics
Engineering Science
Engineering Technologies and Engineering-Related Fields, Other
Engineering Technology, General
Engineering, General
Engineering, Other
Engineering/Industrial Management
Engineering-Related Fields, Other
Engineering-Related Technologies, Other
Entomology
Environmental Biology
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental Control Technologies/Technicians, Other
Environmental Engineering Technology/Environmental Technology
Environmental Health
Environmental Science
Environmental Studies
Environmental Toxicology
Environmental/Environmental Health Engineering
Epidemiology
Evolutionary Biology
Exercise Physiology
Experimental Psychology
Explosive Ordinance/Bomb Disposal
Financial Mathematics
Food Science
Food Science and Technology, Other
Food Technology and Processing
Forensic Chemistry
Forensic Science and Technology
Forest Engineering
Forest Sciences and Biology
Genetics, General
Genetics, Other
Genome Sciences/Genomics
Geochemistry
Geochemistry and Petrology
Geographic Information Science and Cartography
Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences, Other
Geological/Geophysical Engineering
Geology/Earth Science, General
Geometry/Geometric Analysis
Geophysics and Seismology
Geotechnical and Geo environmental Engineering
Hazardous Materials Information Systems Technology/Technician
Hazardous Materials Management and Waste Technology/Technician
Health/Medical Physics
Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Rrigeration Engineering Technology/Technician
Horticultural Science
Human Biology
Human Computer Interaction
Human/Medical Genetics
Hydraulics and Fluid Power Technology/Technician
Hydrology and Water Resources Science
Immunology
Industrial and Physical Pharmacy and Cosmetic Sciences
Industrial Engineering
Industrial Production Technologies/Technicians, Other
Industrial Radiologic Technology/Technician
Industrial Safety Technology/Technician
Industrial Technology/Technician
Informatics
Information Operations/Joint Information Operations
Information Science/Studies
Information Technology
Information Technology Project Management
Information/Psychological Warfare and Military Media Relations
Inorganic Chemistry
Instrumentation Technology/Technician
Integrated Circuit Design
Intelligence, Command Control and Information Operations, Other
Intelligence, General
Joint Command/Task Force (C, CI) Systems
Laser and Optical Engineering
Laser and Optical Technology/Technician
Livestock Management
Low-Observables and Stealth Technology
Management Science
Management Science and Quantitative Methods, Other
Manufacturing Engineering
Manufacturing Engineering Technology/Technician
Marine Biology and Biological Oceanography
Marine Sciences
Materials Chemistry
Materials Engineering
Materials Science
Materials Sciences, Other
Mathematical Biology
Mathematical Statistics and Probability
Mathematics and Computer Science
Mathematics and Statistics
Mathematics and Statistics, Other
Mathematics, General
Mathematics, Other
Mechanical Drafting and Mechanical Drafting CAD/CADD
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies/Technicians, Other
Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Technology/Technician
Mechatronics, Robotics, and Automation Engineering
Medical Informatics
Medical Microbiology and Bacteriology
Medical Scientist
Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Metallurgical Engineering
Metallurgical Technology/Technician
Meteorology
Microbial and Eukaryotic Genetics
Microbiological Sciences and Immunology, Other
Microbiology and Immunology
Microbiology, General
Military Applied Sciences, Other
Military Information Systems Technology
Military Systems and Maintenance Technology, Other
Military Technologies and Applied Sciences, Other
Mining and Mineral Engineering
Mining and Petroleum Technologies/Technicians, Other
Mining Technology/Technician
Missile and Space Systems Technology
Modeling, Virtual Environments and Simulation
Molecular Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
Molecular Biophysics
Molecular Genetics
Molecular Medicine
Molecular Pharmacology
Molecular Physiology
Molecular Toxicology
Munitions Systems/Ordinance Technology
Mycology [SITESERVER_PAGE]
Nanotechnology
Natural Products Chemistry and Pharmacognosy
Natural Resources Conservation and Research, Other
Natural Resources/Conservation, General
Natural Sciences
Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering
Naval Science and Operational Studies
Network and System Administration/Administrator
Neuroanatomical
Neurobiology and Anatomy
Neurobiology and Behavior
Neurobiology and Neurosciences, Other
Neuropharmacology
Neuroscience
Nuclear and Industrial Radiologic Technologies/Technicians, Other
Nuclear Engineering
Nuclear Engineering Technology/Technician
Nuclear Physics
Nuclear/Nuclear Power Technology/Technician
Nutrition Sciences
Occupational Safety and Health Technology/Technician
Ocean Engineering
Oceanography, Chemical and Physical
Oncology and Cancer Biology
Operational Oceanography
Operations Research
Optics/Optical Sciences
Organic Chemistry
Packaging Science
Paleontology
Paper Science and Engineering
Parasitology
Pathology/Experimental Pathology
Personality Psychology
Petroleum Engineering
Petroleum Technology/Technician
Pharmaceutical Sciences
Pharmaceutics and Drug Design
Pharmacy Economics/Pharmaceutical Economics
Pharmacology
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Pharmacology and Toxicology, Other
Photobiology
Physical Chemistry
Physical Science Technologies/Technicians, Other
Physical Sciences
Physical Sciences, Other
Physics, General
Physics, Other
Physiological Psychology/Psychobiology
Physiology, General
Physiology, Pathology, and Related Sciences, Other
Planetary Astronomy and Science
Plant Genetics
Plant Molecular Biology
Plant Pathology/Phytopathology
Plant Physiology
Plant Protection and Integrated Pest Management
Plant Sciences, General
Plant Sciences, Other
Plasma and High-Temperature Physics
Plastics and Polymer Engineering Technology/Technician
Polymer Chemistry
Polymer/Plastics Engineering
Population Biology
Poultry Science
Pre-Engineering
Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology
Psychopharmacology
Quality Control and Safety Technologies/Technicians, Other
Quality Control Technology/Technician
Radar Communications and Systems Technology
Radiation Biology/Radiobiology
Range Science and Management
Reproductive Biology
Research and Experimental Psychology, Other
Robotics Technology/Technician
Science Technologies/Technicians, General
Science Technologies/Technicians, Other
Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology
Signal/Geospatial Intelligence
Social Psychology
Soil Chemistry and Physics
Soil Microbiology
Soil Science and Agronomy, General
Soil Sciences, Other
Solar Energy Technology/Technician
Space Systems Operations
Statistics, General
Statistics, Other
Strategic Intelligence
Structural Biology
Structural Engineering
Surveying Engineering
Surveying Technology/Surveying
Sustainability Studies
System, Networking, and LAN/WAN Management/Manager
Systematic Biology/Biological Systematics
Systems Engineering
Systems Science and Theory
Telecommunications Engineering
Telecommunications Technology/Technician
Textile Sciences and Engineering
Theoretical and Mathematical Physics
Theoretical Chemistry
Topology and Foundations
Toxicology
Transportation and Highway Engineering
Undersea Warfare
Urban Forestry
Veterinary Anatomy
Veterinary Infectious Diseases
Veterinary Microbiology and Immune biology
Veterinary Pathology and Pathobiology
Veterinary Physiology
Veterinary Preventive medicine Epidemiology and Public Health
Veterinary Toxicology and Pharmacology
Virology
Vision Science/Physiological Optics
Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment Management and Recycling Technology/Technician
Water Resources Engineering
Water, Wetlands, and Marine Resources Management
Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design
Web/Multimedia Management and Webmaster
Welding Engineering Technology/Technician
Wildlife Biology
Wildlife, Fish and Wild lands Science and Management
Wood Science and Wood Products/Pulp and Paper Technology
Zoology/Animal Biology
Zoology/Animal Biology, Other
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