SAT單詞講解:抽象類單詞總結(jié).

二 抽象單詞

（一）和寫作有關(guān)

1.allusive：characterized by indirect rerences即不直接指出，而是引經(jīng)據(jù)典來解釋。在閱讀題當(dāng)中一定要注意只有當(dāng)敘述的方式是indirect（比如從別人嘴里或者文獻(xiàn)里記載得到），那么才可以稱為allusive，或者allusion。

Eg：Readers previously__ by the complexity and__ of Joyce’s Ulysses will find Gilbert’s study of the novel a helpful introduction.

(A)charmed, obscurity

(B) rejected, length

(C) inhibited, intelligibility

(D)daunted, allusiveness

(E) enlightened, transparency

2.analytical：分析性的，這個單詞在閱讀的寫作手法題中碰到的機會特別多。他的特點非常明顯，即一定要有條件或者假設(shè)，然后由這些條件和假設(shè)按一定的推理邏輯得出某個結(jié)論。

3. argumentative：：descriptive，這兩種一般很容易區(qū)分，但也有一些不容易區(qū)分的時候，argumentative是對別人已經(jīng)表明了的觀點進(jìn)行（1）條件是否為真，（2）推理過程是否恰當(dāng)這樣一個過程，那么這樣的文章就是argumentative，而descriptive的文章只是在敘述，或者會表達(dá)自己的感情（喜怒哀樂鄙視欣賞等），但沒有分析感情是否為理性，也即感情背后的原因是模糊的。

4. assumption：假設(shè)，很簡單?，F(xiàn)在閱讀題經(jīng)常會出一些邏輯題目，如下：

OG-853-15

The next to report is the psychologist, who proposes: “The inside of the barn should be painted green. This is a more mellow color than brown and should help induce greater milk flow. Also, more trees should be planted in the fields to add diversity to the scenery for the cattle during grazing, to reduce boredom.”

Question: The psychologist’s remarks are based on the assumption that

A. any implied psychological similarity between cows and humans is inappropriate

B. psychology derives insight from current theories of aesthetics

C. individualized attention to cows will yield measurable increases in milk

D. contented cows will produce more milk than bored or anxious ones

E. each cow will respond differently to attempts to increase milk production

前提：mellow color （mellow成熟的）

結(jié)論：induce greater milk flow (注意should ,must這種單詞后面都會引起結(jié)論，這樣之前當(dāng)然也就是前提了)

推出方式： more mellow color－>induce greater milk flow

什么叫假設(shè)呢？其實是這樣的本來A－>B,但是由A推出B太突兀，所以說假設(shè)以起這樣的功能A－>C－>B,C既是假設(shè)，所以假設(shè)一定是前提能推出來的，然后又能推出結(jié)論來這樣一條鏈。即C的敘述里首先是要要有前提，然后又要有結(jié)論的內(nèi)容。顯然

more mellow color－>induce greater milk flow的推理太突兀，所以應(yīng)該有中間條件，也即假設(shè)存在，即more mellow color－>more contented( more contented cows produce more milk)－>induce greater milk flow

5. baseless＝unfounded，

Unfounded: without a basis in reason or fact. 沒有根據(jù)的, unfounded rumor 無稽之談

情景: Talented children "burn themselves out" in the early years, and, therore, are subjected to failure and at worst, mental illness. 對這句話判斷的話,顯然是unfounded,要不然澳際的老師要么都是瘋子,要么都是騙子,而顯然我們是相當(dāng)正常的人類.

6. Comical：滑稽的，見第二講講義。

7. Commentary：評論的，能對得起這個詞語的真正意義的恐怕中國只有黃建翔了。因為commentary就是要說出你想說的任何表達(dá)你感情和意見的話即可。

8. Criticism：見前面critical

9. dark foreboding：不祥的預(yù)感

10. dramatic：dramatize，戲劇性的，什么叫戲劇性的表達(dá)呢？比如說，你把小說改編成劇本，然后再搬上熒幕或者成為話劇，這個過程就是 dramatize

11. emphasize，highlight，stress強調(diào)，通常是通過加重語氣或者描寫的細(xì)致一些

12. enumerate：列舉。通常和parallel（排比）聯(lián)系在一塊。

13. euphemism：委婉的說法

a polite word or expression that you use instead of a more direct one to avoid shocking or upsetting someone.比如你說pass away來代替die，還比如老毛常說自己“馬上就要去見馬克思了”，都是一種euphemism，可以看出euphemism都是通過減低了本來的意思（但動作方向相同來代指程度非常嚴(yán)重的詞匯）。

1)“Old Nick” is one of several__ people use when they want to rer indirectly to the Devil.

(A)euphemisms

(B) banalities

(C) arguments

(D)apostrophes

(E) eulogies

2) The Tanaina live in an environment that could euphemistically be described as “difficult”.

Question: The sentence in which “difficult” appears

(A) an exaggeration

(B) an estimate

(C) an understatement

(D) a contradiction

(E) a preconception

典型的考察單詞euphemistically

14. figurative：比喻性的。

"A sweet temper" is a figurative expression, but "sweet coffee" is not。

比喻：metaphor；對比：contrast；擬人：personification；引用：quotation；排比：parallel

15. guarded skepticism：謹(jǐn)慎的懷疑。即因為某些條件不知道，所以不能完全否定。

16. histrionic：戲劇化的characteristic of acting or a stage performance; often affected，melodramatic（his＋story，他的故事，戲劇化的）

（1）The patient bore the pain____, nether wincing nor whimpering when the incision was made.

(A) histrionically(B) stoically(C) sardonically(D)poorly(E)marginally

（2）Actors in melodramas often emphasized tense moments by being____, for example, raising their voices and pretending to swoon.

(A)imperious

(B) inscrutable

(C) convivial

(D)histrionic

(E) solicitous

很多同學(xué)會選convivial，因為他覺得這是栩栩如生的（convivial），顯然這里raising their voices等都是為了吸引注意力，所以是histrionic

17. implausible：having a quality that provokes disbeli.不像真實的

Their daughter’s story was so entirely implausible that the parents believe it to be___.

(A) an explanation

(B) an intimidation

(C) a fabrication

(D)a rationalization

(E) a confirmation

Fabrication為捏造的意思。

18. informative：full of news資料豐富的。什么樣的文章才算得上是informative？越專業(yè)的文章越informative，比如基因?qū)W，人類學(xué)等文章

19. lyrical：beautifully expressed in words, poetry, or music讓人愉悅的

20. melodramatic＝histrionic （特點是affected）

21. note a qualification：指出一項限制性的條件，所以只有當(dāng)文章敘述人或物自身條件是多么符合一項限制（任務(wù)，評論）時，才是note a qualification。an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something。

22. open amusement：情景很簡單，平常我們看的相聲或者小品，都是open amusement

23. oversimplification：過于簡單化，注意過于。一般選項中出現(xiàn)它都是錯誤選項。

24. paradoxically：參見第二講內(nèi)容，自相矛盾的

25. pedagogical：教學(xué)法的（ped腳＋ag做，教學(xué)的時候都是腳走來走去的）

Some entertainers, their egos inflated by celebrity, see themselves as ------- figures to whom ordinary moral ------- do not necessarily apply.

(A) penitent . . rules

(B) privileged . . constraints

(C) pedagogical . . enticements

(D) redundant . . conventions

(E) gifted . . benits

顯然說的是陳冠希。。。。。。

26. persuasive：相當(dāng)有說服力的

Thanks to his eloquence and logic, Liam spoke __ and made it difficult for even his bitterest opponents to___ his opinions.

(A) monotonously---clash with

(B) charmingly---yield to

(C) tediously---contend with

(D) abhorrently--- concede to

(E) persuasively--- disagree with

27. repercussion：反響（re回來＋percus震動），強調(diào)重要的事件的影響。

The president&aposs death had unexpected repercussion?？偨y(tǒng)的逝世引起出乎意料的反響。

28. rhapsodize：say something with great enthusiasm. 過份贊美

Trying to ------- about post-modern literature is not only ------- but also foolish, because it is a movement that encompasses many different styles and elements.

(A) brag … necessary

(B) generalize … difficult

(C) complain … important

(D) rhapsodize … fatuous

(E) learn … fair

29. scientific evidence <>description <>observation, 一定要區(qū)分好三者之間的區(qū)別

scientific evidence：通過統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)來描述問題 （愛因斯坦說過，只有當(dāng)一門科學(xué)融入數(shù)學(xué)才會得到發(fā)展）；description：只是對其中某個樣本進(jìn)行描述，即description，沒有統(tǒng)計支持；observation：是比description更窄的概念，它只是指description中能運用你的五官得到的信息。

30. tentative：實驗性的，文章當(dāng)中一定表明這是驗證某個未成公理的結(jié)論所做的才是試驗。

31. travesty：滑稽化的作品（tra反＋vest衣服，反穿衣服，滑稽化來表現(xiàn)某些意圖）

used in order to say that something is extremely bad and is not what it is claimed to be.

Their marriage was a complete travesty. （即他們不是在結(jié)婚，而是進(jìn)入圍城之類的。?？膳拢?/p>

parody ＝travesty＝lampoon 拙劣的模仿性詩文

The hospital’s inept administration was so__ that the doctors working there considered the facility a__, debasing the entire medical profession.

(A) apathetic, victory

(B) exacting, spectacle

(C) astute, debacle

(D) negligent, travesty

(E) surreptitious, triumph

32. unsubstantiated＝ungrounded＝baseless

33. veiled：a veiled threat, warning, attack, rerence etc is expressed so that its exact meaning is hidden or unclear，＝hidden

（1）&aposI&aposm impressed,&apos said Greg, with thinly veiled (=only slightly hidden) sarcasm.

34. veiled criticism：hidden criticism

35. veiled distaste: hidden distaste

36. veiled malice: hidden malice

（二）信仰有關(guān)

1. altruism n．利他主義，不自私 <> egoismself－centered 利己主義 2. asceticism n．禁欲主義 3. celibacy n．獨身（主義） 4. chauvinism n．沙文主義，盲目愛國主義 5. cynicism n．憤世嫉俗，犬儒主義 6. eclecticism n．折衷主義

eclectic：including a mixture of many different things or people, especially so that you can use the best of all of them，所以在這里eclectic是褒義詞，千萬不要理解為貶義詞！

而mediocre，是個絕對的貶義詞，就等于awful，lacklustrous，shoddy

（1）New York designer Anna Sui creates eclectic clothes that represent an___ of playful, 1970’s funky styles fused with an edgy, urban sensibility.

(A) induction

(B) amalgam

(C) immersion

(D) occlusion

(E) estrangement

Amalgam（從形狀上看就是兩個am混合了alg）

（2）Jean Georges was famous for his----cuisine, which brought together ingredients from many cooking traditions—Thai, Chinese, French—and combined them in innovative ways.

(A) aesthetic

(B) clandestine

(C) homogeneous

(D) eclectic

(E) conventional

（3）Isabella’s____ style is best seen in her architecture, which combines elements of Byzantine Greek, Roman, and Gothic periods.

(A) reticent(B)eclectic(C)mystical(D) formulaic(E) eminent

7. empiricism n．經(jīng)驗主義

Scientists require observable data, not -------, to support a hypothesis; sound science is grounded

in ------- results rather than speculation.

(A) induction . . diminutive

(B) experimentation . . pragmatic

(C) intuition . . fiscal

(D) bombast . . theoretical

(E) conjecture . . empirical

從這道題里我們可以看出empirical和speculative是兩種截然相反的科學(xué)態(tài)度。

8. hedonism n．享樂主義，享樂

9. jingoism(讀音，靖國神社) n．沙文主義，侵略主義 10. nihilism n．虛無主義，無政府主義 11. optimism n．樂觀主義 12. patriotism n．愛國主義，愛國心 <>treachery/betray 叛國 13. pragmatic adj．實際的,實用主義的 pragmatism n．實用主義

In a ______ society that worships ficiency, it is difficult for a sensitive and idealistic person to make the kinds of ______ decisions that alone spell success as it is dined by such a society.

A) bureaucratic … edifying

B) pragmatic … hardheaded

C) rational…well-intentioned

D) competitive… evenhanded

E) modern … dysfunctional 14. reciprocity n．互惠主義，相互利益 15. totalitarian adj．極權(quán)主義的 16. Idealism: 如共產(chǎn)主義也好，社會主義也好，為此奮斗不已，而且沒有功利的念頭，這就是idealism，理想主義；與此相對的則是materialism，現(xiàn)實主義

The world of Hernrich Boll’s early novels is one of impersonal malice, thinly camouflaged with patriotic and other___ clichés, in which reli is provided only by occasional___ of genuine human emotion.

(A)pragmatic, absences

(B) ideological, manifestations

(C) conceptual, lapses

(D)ephemeral, loss

(E) scholarly, vestiges

填空題做題方法就不講了，這里ideological是理想的意思。

17. Practicality：就是materialism的意思。

18. Expectation：期待，期望，是對將要發(fā)生的事情一種美好的愿望。

19. Reality：是現(xiàn)在所正在發(fā)生的事情。

（三）延續(xù)性動詞動作內(nèi)涵

1．Speculation：the act of forming opinions about what has happened or what might happen without knowing all the facts. 在有限信息基礎(chǔ)上的推測，所以這個推測總不是那么的準(zhǔn)。此外speculation還表示投機。

2．Investigation：正好是speculation相對的概念，指科學(xué)的實際調(diào)查。

3．Anticipation：the act of predicting (as by reasoning about the future)，pleasure expectation，所以anticipation表示美好的愿望，而且是有根有據(jù)的，而不像speculation，是建立在很少的事實的基礎(chǔ)上的。

4．Generosity：慷慨的，情景很簡單，generosity，generous（來自于gen），我們復(fù)習(xí)一下表示慷慨的一些單詞 magnanimous（mag大＋anim生命），還有benevolent，charitable等

5．Possessive：desirous of owning 占有欲的

二 抽象單詞

（一）和寫作有關(guān)

1.allusive：characterized by indirect rerences即不直接指出，而是引經(jīng)據(jù)典來解釋。在閱讀題當(dāng)中一定要注意只有當(dāng)敘述的方式是indirect（比如從別人嘴里或者文獻(xiàn)里記載得到），那么才可以稱為allusive，或者allusion。

Eg：Readers previously__ by the complexity and__ of Joyce’s Ulysses will find Gilbert’s study of the novel a helpful introduction.

(A)charmed, obscurity

(B) rejected, length

(C) inhibited, intelligibility

(D)daunted, allusiveness

(E) enlightened, transparency

2.analytical：分析性的，這個單詞在閱讀的寫作手法題中碰到的機會特別多。他的特點非常明顯，即一定要有條件或者假設(shè)，然后由這些條件和假設(shè)按一定的推理邏輯得出某個結(jié)論。

3. argumentative：：descriptive，這兩種一般很容易區(qū)分，但也有一些不容易區(qū)分的時候，argumentative是對別人已經(jīng)表明了的觀點進(jìn)行（1）條件是否為真，（2）推理過程是否恰當(dāng)這樣一個過程，那么這樣的文章就是argumentative，而descriptive的文章只是在敘述，或者會表達(dá)自己的感情（喜怒哀樂鄙視欣賞等），但沒有分析感情是否為理性，也即感情背后的原因是模糊的。

4. assumption：假設(shè)，很簡單。現(xiàn)在閱讀題經(jīng)常會出一些邏輯題目，如下：

OG-853-15

The next to report is the psychologist, who proposes: “The inside of the barn should be painted green. This is a more mellow color than brown and should help induce greater milk flow. Also, more trees should be planted in the fields to add diversity to the scenery for the cattle during grazing, to reduce boredom.”

Question: The psychologist’s remarks are based on the assumption that

A. any implied psychological similarity between cows and humans is inappropriate

B. psychology derives insight from current theories of aesthetics

C. individualized attention to cows will yield measurable increases in milk

D. contented cows will produce more milk than bored or anxious ones

E. each cow will respond differently to attempts to increase milk production

前提：mellow color （mellow成熟的）

結(jié)論：induce greater milk flow (注意should ,must這種單詞后面都會引起結(jié)論，這樣之前當(dāng)然也就是前提了)

推出方式： more mellow color－>induce greater milk flow

什么叫假設(shè)呢？其實是這樣的本來A－>B,但是由A推出B太突兀，所以說假設(shè)以起這樣的功能A－>C－>B,C既是假設(shè)，所以假設(shè)一定是前提能推出來的，然后又能推出結(jié)論來這樣一條鏈。即C的敘述里首先是要要有前提，然后又要有結(jié)論的內(nèi)容。顯然

more mellow color－>induce greater milk flow的推理太突兀，所以應(yīng)該有中間條件，也即假設(shè)存在，即more mellow color－>more contented( more contented cows produce more milk)－>induce greater milk flow

5. baseless＝unfounded，

Unfounded: without a basis in reason or fact. 沒有根據(jù)的, unfounded rumor 無稽之談

情景: Talented children "burn themselves out" in the early years, and, therore, are subjected to failure and at worst, mental illness. 對這句話判斷的話,顯然是unfounded,要不然澳際的老師要么都是瘋子,要么都是騙子,而顯然我們是相當(dāng)正常的人類.

6. Comical：滑稽的，見第二講講義。

7. Commentary：評論的，能對得起這個詞語的真正意義的恐怕中國只有黃建翔了。因為commentary就是要說出你想說的任何表達(dá)你感情和意見的話即可。

8. Criticism：見前面critical

9. dark foreboding：不祥的預(yù)感

10. dramatic：dramatize，戲劇性的，什么叫戲劇性的表達(dá)呢？比如說，你把小說改編成劇本，然后再搬上熒幕或者成為話劇，這個過程就是 dramatize

11. emphasize，highlight，stress強調(diào)，通常是通過加重語氣或者描寫的細(xì)致一些

12. enumerate：列舉。通常和parallel（排比）聯(lián)系在一塊。

13. euphemism：委婉的說法

a polite word or expression that you use instead of a more direct one to avoid shocking or upsetting someone.比如你說pass away來代替die，還比如老毛常說自己“馬上就要去見馬克思了”，都是一種euphemism，可以看出euphemism都是通過減低了本來的意思（但動作方向相同來代指程度非常嚴(yán)重的詞匯）。

1)“Old Nick” is one of several__ people use when they want to rer indirectly to the Devil.

(A)euphemisms

(B) banalities

(C) arguments

(D)apostrophes

(E) eulogies

2) The Tanaina live in an environment that could euphemistically be described as “difficult”.

Question: The sentence in which “difficult” appears

(A) an exaggeration

(B) an estimate

(C) an understatement

(D) a contradiction

(E) a preconception

典型的考察單詞euphemistically

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