GRE難句解讀——提高GRE閱讀必須要過的第一關(guān)(六).

　　以下是澳際小編搜集整理的GRE難句解讀——提高GRE閱讀必須要過的第一關(guān)，大家練習(xí)時(shí)，要以“以實(shí)戰(zhàn)的要求為目的”為大原則，難句子不僅出現(xiàn)在閱讀中，還出現(xiàn)在句子填空、邏輯但體中，因此，對(duì)難句子得攻克變得相當(dāng)重要。

　　1. More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent　excretion of the seeds. (3+)

　　更有可能的是鳥類運(yùn)輸：或者是通過外部途徑，即由于種籽偶然粘附在羽毛上;或者是通過內(nèi)部方式，即由于鳥類吞食果子并隨后將種籽排泄出來。

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、倒裝

　　解釋：句首有一個(gè)倒裝，正常語序是bird transport is more probable。后面的句子中由于插入部分的頻繁出現(xiàn)使句子顯得十分凌亂。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent　excretion of the seeds.

　　2. A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies bore 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution . (4+)

　　一個(gè)對(duì)于后來成了美國的英國殖民地的歷史的長久以來的觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為英國在1763年以前對(duì)于這些殖民地的政策被經(jīng)濟(jì)利益所支配，而且認(rèn)為一種向著更大程度帝國制度的政策上的轉(zhuǎn)變——為擴(kuò)張主義的軍事目標(biāo)所左右——產(chǎn)生了最終導(dǎo)致美國革命的緊張氣氛。

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語

　　解釋：主架構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，可是主語和表語從句都不讓人省心。句子的主干其實(shí)就是：A long-held view has been that..。但是主語A long-held view之后卻是修飾它的一個(gè)三層的定語：of the history of the english colonies that became the United States。系動(dòng)詞has been之后所接的表語從句其實(shí)不止一個(gè)，其實(shí)原句是用了and來連接兩個(gè)并列的表語從句，has been that…and has been that…。后面的has been照例被省略。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies bore 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .

　　3. It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in　inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond;　　but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. (4)

　　現(xiàn)在尚不知這種類似稀少到何種地步，也不知道是否它最常見于象石榴石一類的硅酸鹽內(nèi)含物中，而這類物質(zhì)的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)普遍地在某種程度上類似于金剛石的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。但一旦存在，這種類似就被視作極有說服力的證據(jù)，證明金剛石與內(nèi)含物確是同源的。

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語

　　解釋：本句的句子既長，專有名詞又多，從句層出不窮，故而難懂。在本句中出現(xiàn)的專有名詞中，除了silicates硅酸鹽這個(gè)單詞常常出現(xiàn)于理科文章中，需要記憶之外，其他單詞閱讀現(xiàn)場(chǎng)簡(jiǎn)單處理一番既可：inclusions可以猜出是被包含的物質(zhì);garnet作首字母提煉叫g(shù):crystallography只要能從詞頭推出這個(gè)單詞與晶體有關(guān)即可。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in　inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond;　　but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.

　　4. Even the "radical" critiques　of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social　mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination　of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. (4+)

　　即使是對(duì)這一主流研究模型的“激進(jìn)”批評(píng)，諸如《分裂的社會(huì)》(Divided Society)一書中所提出的那種批判，亦將少數(shù)民族同化問題過分機(jī)構(gòu)地與經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)移動(dòng)性的因素聯(lián)系起來，因此無從闡明波多黎各人作為一個(gè)殖民地少數(shù)民族的文化從屬關(guān)系。

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、省略、抽象詞

　　解釋：本句實(shí)際上是由and連接的兩個(gè)句子，閱讀的一個(gè)難度在于，and之后省略了they(此處指前面的主語the radical critiques，)而are thus able to 又與前面離得太遠(yuǎn)，使讀者難以找到主語。

　　另外，句中的固定搭配attach A to B和illuminate C as D當(dāng)中的A、B、C，全部既長又抽象，理解起來較為困難。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：Even the "radical" critiques　of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social　mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination　of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.

　　5. They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles，whose lifetimes are not constrained　in the same way，and which can be detected. (3)

　　它們被稱為“虛粒子”(virtual particle)，以便與實(shí)粒子(real particle)區(qū)分開來，而實(shí)粒子則不會(huì)以這種方式受到制約，并且其存在可得以測(cè)定。

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語

　　解釋：本句的怪異在于：real particles后面跟著兩個(gè)定語從句，都是同時(shí)修飾real particles的，而且兩個(gè)從句之間不用逗號(hào)隔開，卻又加上and連接，令人一眼看上去極不習(xí)慣。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles，whose lifetimes are not constrained　in the same way，and which can be detected.

　　6. Open acknowledgement of the existence of women’s oppression was too radical for the United Stated in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion , that change in women’s economic condition , though insufficient by itself , “remains the basic factor ” in improving women’s situation , was particularly unacceptable . (4+)

　　公開對(duì)婦女壓迫的存在的承認(rèn)對(duì)于50年代的美國而言有些過分激進(jìn)，而且B的結(jié)論，即婦女經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況的變化，經(jīng)管它本身不是一個(gè)充分的因素，但是“仍然是提高婦女地位的根本因素”的觀點(diǎn)，尤其無法令人接受。

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語

　　解釋：本句是由and所連接的兩個(gè)分句，前一個(gè)分句的主語雖然有一些修飾成分，但整體而言還算好讀;后面的分句中的修飾成分就比較難讀;主語Beauvoir’s conclusion后面被加上了同位語從句that change in…,而且在從句的主語和謂語之間還加了一個(gè)插入語;我們好不容易把同位語從句中的成分補(bǔ)齊，后面又看到系表結(jié)構(gòu)was particularly unacceptable的時(shí)候，想不起來主語是誰，不禁心中茫然;如果是沒有練習(xí)過難句的人，也只好黯然神傷。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：Open acknowledgement of the existence of women’s oppression was too radical for the United Stated in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion , that change in women’s economic condition , though insufficient by itself , “remains the basic factor ” in improving women’s situation , was particularly unacceptable .

　　7. Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky　mantle by the Earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth’s iron fell to its　core. (4)其他的理論家提出，在地球的大部分鐵沉入到地核之后，由于地球與另一個(gè)龐大的天體發(fā)生碰撞，月亮便從地球那石質(zhì)的地幔中撕裂開來而形成的。 Rip:撕開;撥去;在本文是撕開的意思。

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾

　　解釋：這個(gè)句子雖然還算短，但結(jié)構(gòu)并不簡(jiǎn)單，句中共有三介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語。結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜在本句中給讀者帶來了真正的閱讀困難：月亮、地球、大型天體之間的關(guān)系如何?三個(gè)事件之間的先后順序怎樣?另外的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)在于，在the Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky mantle這段話中，be ripped out of something可以作兩種解釋。Rip既有撕開的意思，又有剝?nèi)サ囊馑迹颂幍腷e ripped out of something很被讀者理解成被剝奪走某物的意思。實(shí)際上，根據(jù)對(duì)上下文的理解，這里應(yīng)該理解成從某物中撕裂出來的意思。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky　mantle by the Earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth’s iron fell to its　core.

　　8. However , recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. (4)

　　然而，進(jìn)來的學(xué)術(shù)研究強(qiáng)烈的顯示那些看來最為明確的請(qǐng)教徒的早期新英格蘭文化的一些方面，比如強(qiáng)烈的宗教導(dǎo)向和團(tuán)體意識(shí)，就整體而言卻不是新英格蘭的典型特征，而是在很大程度上只局限與馬薩諸賽和康涅狄格兩個(gè)州。

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語

　　解釋：賓語從句的主語those aspects后面跟著長長的修飾成分of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan。不但如此，主語和表語之間又被長長的插入語such as分開，而且表語也不是一個(gè)，而是were not,but were的結(jié)構(gòu)，使得句子十分難讀。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：However , recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut.

　　9. Thus，what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern— acquisitiveness，a strong interest in politics and the law，and　a tendency to cultivate metropolitan　cultural models—was not only more typically English than the cultural　　patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut，but also almost certainly characteristic　of most other early modern British　colonies from Barbados north to Rhode　　Island and New Hampshire. (4)

　　因此，那些與(北方)清教殖民地形成鮮明對(duì)比、并在戴維斯教授的心目中顯得具有特殊南方色彩的特征——占有欲、對(duì)政治和法律的濃厚興趣、以及培養(yǎng)大都市文化模式的傾向——不僅僅要比清教的馬薩諸塞州和康乃涅克州所展現(xiàn)出來的文化模式更具有典型的英國色彩，并且?guī)缀鹾翢o疑問地構(gòu)成了絕大多數(shù)其它早期近代英國殖民地的特征，從巴巴多斯北至羅得島和新罕布什爾州。

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語

　　解釋：這個(gè)頗長的句子是由一個(gè)what從句做主語，此主語what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to davins to be peculialy Southern中有又一些插入語的修飾成分，其實(shí)主干很簡(jiǎn)單，就是what appears to be Southern。Southern后的兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的內(nèi)容是主語的同位語，實(shí)際起到了一個(gè)插入語的作用。一直到句子寫了五行之后，謂語動(dòng)詞was才姍然出現(xiàn)，難怪讀者看得不舒服。But also之后，省略了與前面一樣的was.

　　筆者在此再次提醒讀者，筆者之所以對(duì)此類句子做語法分析，是為了讓讀者熟悉這些語法結(jié)構(gòu)，而不是希望讀者在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)閱讀進(jìn)也去分析其語法，正確的方法是通過熟讀本書中的種種難句，使大腦習(xí)慣這些語言結(jié)構(gòu);實(shí)戰(zhàn)的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)閱讀把注意力集中在句子的意思上，比如這句話，只要讀出“與D的觀念相反，南方的州與清教的殖民地一樣，都是有著英國風(fēng)格的”意思即可。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：Thus，what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern— acquisitiveness，a strong interest in politics and the law，and　a tendency to cultivate metropolitan　cultural models—was not only more typically English than the cultural　　patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut，but also almost certainly characteristic　of most other early modern British　colonies from Barbados north to Rhode　　Island and New Hampshire.

　　10. Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this.(5)

　　一些描述，關(guān)于他從小就記得的北卡羅來納州的M縣的人民、關(guān)于他在H的日子里的爵士樂手和公寓的房頂、關(guān)于匹茲堡的鋼鐵工人的描述和他的假借古代B國對(duì)古希臘神話得寵俗，都表現(xiàn)了這一點(diǎn)。In the guise of :”假借、在…的幌子下，假裝”。

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾

　　解釋：本句主語之長，主語的長度與謂語長度的比例之大，是極為罕見的，在最后的三個(gè)單詞attest to this之前的所有內(nèi)容，全是主語，主語和謂語的比例達(dá)到了46比3。不熟秋GRE和GMAT句式的人是很難把這句讀懂的。句子的主語實(shí)際上是一個(gè)由and連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，而真正的主語只有兩個(gè)：Portrayals 和his reconstruction。Portrayals后面長度驚人的修飾成分以三個(gè)大列舉的方式說出了其描述的對(duì)象，其中第一個(gè)列舉中又包含了一個(gè)定語從句，修飾前面的folk(人、人們、人民、民族)，第二個(gè)主語的修飾成分中使用了一抽象詞組：in the guise of，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)介詞，其意思是假借，在….的幌子下，假裝。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this.

　　11. A very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut-sized (or smaller) balloon of mucus equipped with filters that　capture and concentrate phytoplankton. (4)

　　浮游動(dòng)物體內(nèi)一種極特殊的進(jìn)食適應(yīng)性變化是蝌蚪狀的尾海鞘綱動(dòng)物(appendicularian)的那種適應(yīng)性變化，而尾海鞘綱動(dòng)物則存活于核桃大小(或更小)的黏液球囊內(nèi)，裝備有過濾器，用以捕捉和集中浮游植物。

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾

　　解釋：GRE和GMAT考試中比較有特色的一個(gè)語言現(xiàn)象是that (those) of的頻繁出現(xiàn)。That(those) of的作用是省略掉與前面一樣的名詞性成分，從而起到簡(jiǎn)化句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、縮短句子的長度的作用。然而對(duì)于初學(xué)GRE和GMAT的人來說，由于以前較少遇到這種結(jié)構(gòu)，而且即使遇到也是在比較簡(jiǎn)單的句子中間遇到的，所以在復(fù)雜句式中一旦遇到，往往一下子搞不清楚這個(gè)that(或those)指的是前面眾多名詞性成分中間的哪一個(gè)。解決這個(gè)問題的辦法，就是多讀、反復(fù)讀這樣的句子，熟能生巧。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：A very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut-sized (or smaller) balloon of mucus equipped with filters that　capture and concentrate phytoplankton.

　　12. These historians，however，have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and　activities during the same period. (3+)

　　但是，這些史學(xué)家還不曾充分地分析同一時(shí)期中那些具體的女權(quán)主義思想和活動(dòng)的發(fā)展。

　　難句類型：倒裝

　　解釋：本句看著別扭的原因是句子的語序顛倒，正常的語序應(yīng)該是：However, these historians have analyzed the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period less fully.但是這種語序仍然令人費(fèi)解：為什么作者不說these historians haven’t fully analyzed the development of feminist ideas?既明確又好懂，何樂而不為?

　　其實(shí)這里倒不見得是ETS故意作梗，不讓讀者讀懂，而是因?yàn)樾纳系膬煞N說法之間存在著細(xì)微差別：前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是有分析，但與文中的其他研究相比不夠完整;后者則是強(qiáng)調(diào)沒有怎么去研究。GRE和GMAT中使用的英語屬于中高級(jí)英語，其中的細(xì)微之處請(qǐng)讀者細(xì)心體會(huì)。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：These historians，however，have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and　activities during the same period.

　　13. Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4 M bore they exhaust their nuclear fuel. (5)

　　顯然，大多數(shù)的巨星能夠失去足夠多的物質(zhì)以至于在燃盡其核燃料以前他們的質(zhì)量下降到關(guān)鍵值1.4M以下。難在：sufficient …that… = so much (many ) … that…

　　難句類型：特殊省略、固定搭配

　　解釋：我們中國考生顯然沒有見過sufficient…that…這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)，因此習(xí)慣性的把that以及其后的內(nèi)容看成了一個(gè)定語從句來修飾material，但是這樣讀下來發(fā)現(xiàn)意思不通，于是發(fā)生思維混亂，大腦拒絕工作，以至當(dāng)場(chǎng)暈厥。

　　實(shí)際上原文相當(dāng)于在sufficient之前省略了such,與后面的that構(gòu)成了一個(gè)such…that…的結(jié)構(gòu)，但是這種省略不是可以隨便使用的：本句之所以能夠這樣表述，是因?yàn)閟ufficient本身就是一個(gè)enough to meet the need of a situation的意思;而enough的意思是occurring in such quantity as to fully meet demands, needs, or expectations.所以，把這兩個(gè)詞義串在一起，sufficient material that…的詞義就變成了material occurring in such large quantity that the need of …be fully met。所以我們除了可以把原句看成是省略了such以外，還可以把sufficient …that…看成了一個(gè)固定的搭配，相當(dāng)于so much …that…的意思。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4 M bore they exhaust their nuclear fuel.

　　14. This is so even though armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work.(5)

　　即使是武裝部隊(duì)是在一種趨向職業(yè)平等的制度變遷的風(fēng)氣中運(yùn)作的時(shí)候，而且即使部隊(duì)是在聯(lián)邦政府的同工同酬的約束下運(yùn)行的時(shí)候，情況仍然是這樣。

　　難句類型：倒裝、省略

　　解釋：不論筆者把這句話算成倒裝還是省略，其實(shí)都有些牽強(qiáng)。閱讀能力較高的讀者應(yīng)該可以看出，文中的語序和表達(dá)都是完全符合英文規(guī)則的，但問題在于它極不符合漢語習(xí)慣：按照中文的習(xí)慣，even though之后的長長的從句應(yīng)當(dāng)放在句首，而This is so則應(yīng)該放到最后來說，而且，如果要用and來連接這么長的兩個(gè)狀語，也應(yīng)該在其中補(bǔ)充上主語用來和謂語才能讓人看懂。但是這就是考試中的英語，也是英語國家的高級(jí)知識(shí)分子們天天用來做學(xué)問的英語，既然他們可以看懂，并能寫出來，我們也一定可以看懂，需要的時(shí)候也一定能夠?qū)懗鰜怼?/p>

　　意群訓(xùn)練：This is so even though armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work.

　　以上便是GRE難句解讀——提高GRE閱讀必須要過的第一關(guān)第六部分，希望對(duì)各位考生有所幫助。