1月GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)：肌肉疲勞.

　　相信很多同學(xué)都翹首期盼著每個月的GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)，GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)對于各位考生們備考非常重要。在考試之前，對GMAT真題的復(fù)習(xí)，是最直接最有利于考生們的復(fù)習(xí)材料。澳際教育在這里將最新的GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)分享給大家，希望幫助考生們認(rèn)真?zhèn)淇?。下面?月最近閱讀機(jī)經(jīng):肌肉疲勞，小編就只能幫大家到這里了。

　　本月原始

　　"P1 muscle exertion傳統(tǒng)觀點(muscle-centeredmodel)認(rèn)為肌肉酸痛是因為肌肉里的某種acid增加，到達(dá)一個critical point。

　　P2 某些Canadians做了實驗，好像是測試cyclists肌肉中的acid，累的時候acid level反而低。然后又有第二個人X也做了實驗，測試肌肉中的fiber。實驗結(jié)果也和傳統(tǒng)觀點相反。

　　P3 X認(rèn)為fatigue更是一種emotional的狀態(tài)，而不是physical的狀態(tài)。其實是大腦發(fā)出累了的信號，肌肉才到達(dá)疲勞狀態(tài)。"

　　考古

　　"V1(770) 關(guān)于肌肉疲勞， 說是一開始科學(xué)家認(rèn)為是產(chǎn)生一種lattice acid導(dǎo)致， 下一段講好像不是這樣， 因為加拿大的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)在海拔高的地方運(yùn)動員感覺疲勞， 但那個acid并不多。 然后好像是南非的生理學(xué)家又發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個什么。 最后一段就提出來好像是大腦的什么信號，其他機(jī)制讓人疲勞， 而且這個解釋可以解釋老的理論和新的發(fā)現(xiàn)其實并不矛盾云云。

　　V2(740) 還有個講肌肉fatigue的。說190×還是哪年研究出來肌肉一種酸的含量到一定程度會引發(fā)肌肉fatigue.

　　但是198×年研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)blablabla...

　　第三段得出結(jié)論說，肌肉fatigue 不一定是acid的原因，有可能是大腦控制各種resource發(fā)現(xiàn)你要不行了

　　然后就給你個信號說你不行了，但是其實你還是行的。fatigue很可能只是主觀因素造成的

　　V3(720) 2. 肌肉勞累跟acid 神馬到底啥關(guān)系那篇。以前寂靜考古的非常正確。我記得月度寂靜附錄了一篇全英的文章吧，跟那個幾乎一模一樣。參考那個沒錯的。

　　P1：什么有個諾貝爾獎得主提出神馬觀點，

　　P2：做了個試驗

　　P3：總結(jié)這個實驗的內(nèi)容說明了什么。

　　V4第三篇是那個muscle fatigue.寂靜里頭基本上也講得挺清楚的了，記得有一題是問第二段作者提cannada那個研究有什么作用之類~~~我忘了選什么了~~

　　V5(V39) 4.肌肉疲勞什么的。一開始一個noble prize的人說the function of muscle will brake when muscle detects high level of lactic acid。但是后來有幾個Canadian scientist做了個實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)the muscle acts so even when the level of lactic acid is low，然后又有個什么實驗(不記得了)。最后一段說其實第一段的那個theory不是完全的錯，但是真正決定什么時候stop the muscle function的是neural system。所以這個過程是subjective而不是Objective(有道題問了這個)。

　　V6(V33)第三篇是肌肉疲勞，一定好好看highlight的類似物，幾乎就是原文重現(xiàn)。

　　考古人的肌肉(KG)(【類似原文】)V1：

　　考了一篇第一段說傳統(tǒng)觀點說人的肌肉勞累是因為肌肉的什么酸acid增加了

　　第二段說但是現(xiàn)在加拿大的一票科學(xué)家說運(yùn)動員勞累的時候這個酸沒有增加啊,還有一個地方的科學(xué)家(好象是北非的,很神奇)也舉出了反例.

　　最后一段說什么傳統(tǒng)的觀點說的酸增加確實對了但是地方不對.然后用計算機(jī)證明再解釋了一通.

　　問題考了一個是最后一段的作用,這是我的最后一篇了沒大有時間看了.

　　V2：(710)

　　Theory 1: muscles go into automated brake when lactic acid builds up after exhausting exercise, leading to fatigue.

　　Theory Two: psychologists argue central nervous system controls the sense of extreme fatigue to keep body from collapse; psychologists say that theory 1 is right about lactic build up, however wrong in the ""location"".( location=Central nervous system)

　　V3：(V 40)

　　第一段：1922年有個諾貝爾的理論，人勞累，是因為肌肉釋放的酸達(dá)到極限，從而讓肌肉休息。

　　第二段：加拿大的科學(xué)家有異議。而南非的科學(xué)家取出反例，在一種特定的情況下(這種情況可以導(dǎo)致肌肉釋放的酸不會大幅增加)，對運(yùn)動員研究發(fā)現(xiàn)他們疲勞的時候酸的含量很低，30%的肌肉已經(jīng)休息了。雖然這些運(yùn)動員說他們已經(jīng)很累，達(dá)到極限了。

　　第三段：科學(xué)家們就提出假設(shè)來解決這個問題，指出1922年有個諾貝爾的理論是部分正確的。但是人的勞累其實不是客觀事實，而是人的主觀情緒。然后這個理論還能夠解釋部分現(xiàn)象。

　　類似原文：By pipilovelail

　　注意highlight的部分

　　Interestingly —or unnervingly, depending on how you look at it— some researchers are uncovering evidence that Stanovnik’s rule of thumb might be right. A spate of recent studies has contributed to growing support for the notion that the origins and controls of fatigue lie partly, if not mostly, within the brain and the central nervous system. The new research puts fresh weight to the hoary coaching cliché: you only think you’re tired.From the time of Hippocrates, the limits of human exertion were thought to reside in the muscles themselves, a hypothesis that was established in 1922 with the Nobel Prize-winning work of Dr. A.V. Hill. The theory went like this: working muscles, pushed to their limit, accumulated lactic acid.When concentrations of lactic acid reached a certain level, so the argument went, the muscles could no longer function. Muscles contained an ‘‘a(chǎn)utomatic brake,’’ Hill wrote,‘‘carully adjusted by nature.’’Researchers, however, have long noted a link between neurological disorders and athletic potential. In the late 1800’s, the pioneering French doctor Philippe Tissié observed that phobias and epilepsy could be benicial for athletic training. A few decades later, the German surgeon August Bier measured the spontaneous long jump of a mentally disturbed patient, noting that it compared favorably to the existing world record. These types of exertions seemed to dy the notion of built-in muscular limits and, Bier noted, were made possible by‘‘powerful mental stimuli and the simultaneous elimination of inhibitions.’’Questions about the muscle-centered model came up again in 1989 when Canadian researchers published the results of an experiment called Operation Everest II, in which athletes did heavy exercise in altitude chambers. The athletes reached exhaustion despite the fact that their lactic-acid concentrations remained comfortably low. Fatigue, it seemed, might be caused by something else.In 1999, three physiologists from the University of Cape Town Medical School in South Africa took the next step. They worked a group of cyclists to exhaustion during a 62-mile laboratory ride and measured, via electrodes, the percentage of leg muscles they were using at the fatigue limit. If standard theories were true, they reasoned, the body should recruit more muscle fibers as it approached exhaustion — a natural compensation for tired, weakening muscles.Instead, the researchers observed the opposite result. As the riders approached complete fatigue, the percentage of active muscle fibers decreased, until they were using only about 30 percent. Even as the athletes felt they were giving their all, the reality was that more of their muscles were at rest.Was the brain purposely holding back the body?‘‘It was as if the brain was playing a trick on the body, to save it,’’says Timothy Noakes, head of the Cape Town group. ‘‘Which makes a lot of sense, if you think about it. In fatigue, it only feels like we’re going to die. The actual physiological risks that fatigue represents are essentially trivial.’’From this, Noakes and his colleagues concluded that A.V. Hill had been right about the automatic brake, but wrong about its location.They postulated the existence of what they called a central governor:a neural system that monitors carbohydrate stores, the levels of glucose and oxygen in the blood, the rates of heat gain and loss, and work rates. The governor’s job is to hold our bodies safely back from the brink of collapse by creating painful sensations that we interpret as unendurable muscle fatigue.Fatigue, the researchers argue, is less an objective event than a subjective emotion —the brain’s clever, self-interested attempt to scare you into stopping.The way past fatigue, then, is to return the favor: to fool the brain by lying to it, distracting it or even provoking it. (That said, mental gamesmanship can never overcome a basic lack of fitness. As Noakes says, the body always holds veto power.)‘‘Athletes and coaches already do a lot of this instinctively,’’Noakes says.‘‘What is a coach, after all, but a technique for overcoming the governor?’’The governor theory is far from conclusive, but some scientists are focusing on a walnut-size area in the front portion of the brain called the anterior cingulate cortex. This has been linked to a host of core functions, including handling pain, creating emotion and playing a key role in what’s known loosely as willpower. Sir Francis Crick, the co-discoverer of DNA, thought the anterior cingulate cortex to be the seat of the soul. In the sports world, perhaps no soul relies on it more than Jure Robic’s.Some people‘‘have the ability to reprocess the pain signal,’’ says Daniel Galper, a senior researcher in the psychiatry department at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. ‘‘It’s not that they don’t feel the pain; they just shift their brain dynamics and alter their perception of reality so the pain matters less. It’s basically a purposul hallucination.’’Noakes and his colleagues speculate that the central governor theory holds the potential to explain not just feats of stamina but also their opposite: chronic fatigue syndrome (a malfunctioning, overactive governor, in this view).Moreover, the governor theory makes evolutionary sense. Animals whose brains safeguarded an emergency stash of physical reserves might well have survived at a higher rate than animals that could drain their fuel tanks at will.The theory would also seem to explain a sports landscape in which ultra-endurance events have gone from being considered medically hazardous to something perilously close to routine. The Ironman triathlon in Hawaii —a 2.4-mile swim, 112-mile bike ride and marathon-length run—was the ne plus ultra in endurance in the 1980’s, but has now been topped by the Ultraman, which is more than twice as long. Once obscure, the genre known as adventure racing, which includes 500-plus-mile wilderness races like Primal Quest, has grown to more than 400 events each year. Ultramarathoners, dined as those who participate in running events exceeding the official marathon distance of 26.2 miles, now number some 15,000 in the United States alone. The underlying physics have not changed, but rather our sense of possibility. Athletic culture, like Robic, has discovered a way to tweak its collective governor.

　　考古：

　　版本1

　　p1, 老觀點，肌肉運(yùn)動后會產(chǎn)大量acid，新觀點，不是這樣的p2, 新的實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)cylist運(yùn)動了一段時間，沒有增加acid?,反而減少了，與老觀點不符p3,另一個例子，記不清了，然后結(jié)論是運(yùn)動是由大腦主觀調(diào)節(jié)的。

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　　版本2

　　[/td][/tr][tr][td=576]

　　p1, 老觀點，肌肉運(yùn)動后會產(chǎn)大量acid，新觀點，不是這樣的

　　p2, 兩個實驗：第一個是canada的(有題)，第二個是新的實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)cylist運(yùn)動了一段時間，沒有增加acid?,反而減少了，與老觀點不符

　　p3,另一個例子，記不清了，然后結(jié)論是運(yùn)動是由大腦主觀調(diào)節(jié)的。---評價了老觀點和新試驗，提出一種model，說老觀點有部分是對的，但是老觀點里關(guān)于作用產(chǎn)生的位置錯了

　　[/td][/tr][tr][td=576]

　　版本3

　　[/td][/tr][tr][td=576]

　　第一段，1920諾貝爾獎獲得者提出理論疲勞時因為肌肉里的某個酸堆積造成的，第二段，現(xiàn)在觀察證明不對，因為給運(yùn)動員吃了什么東西完全不起作用，還是 累。第三段：說明了應(yīng)該是大腦控制疲勞。1920的理論說的酸的積累并不在肌肉里。當(dāng)什么累積的時候大腦就覺得累了，給人信號說累了。

　　問題，main idea。如果人要控制疲勞那么應(yīng)該怎么做，我選的是訓(xùn)練自己，讓自己對疲勞沒感覺。

　　[/td][/tr]

　　以下考古 By XYXB

　　V1

　　流行的理論是一種acid的累計，會讓人有brake (大概是什么跑到一定距離覺得跑不動了，跑跑又ok了的極限吧，忘記中文是什么=。=)

　　但是加拿大的科學(xué)家對跳高運(yùn)動員研究發(fā)現(xiàn)他們疲勞的時候acid的含量很低，然后另一國的專家發(fā)現(xiàn)理論上講部分肌肉累的時候，人應(yīng)該利用起別的肌肉，但實際上別的肌肉這時候在休息

　　然后說一種新的理論解釋這個問題，說是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)為了保護(hù)人from collapse,這種疲勞是主管感覺而不是客觀現(xiàn)象

　　V2

　　第一段，1922年有個諾貝爾大牛有個理論，說肌肉釋放的什么酸是自動剎車，讓肌肉休息。第二段，1989年加拿大的哥們有小異議，是補(bǔ)充理論，1999，南非三個哥們有新發(fā)現(xiàn)(主要內(nèi)容)。第二段論證南非哥們的理論內(nèi)容和原理。

　　第三段，總結(jié)他們的觀點，有他們對1922年理論的評價，部分對，但沒有指出，肌肉組織其實不是客觀事實，而是受大腦操控的主觀情緒影響，這才作用的。

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