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10月GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng):英國的地主.

2017/08/10 13:03:34 編輯: 英國 瀏覽次數(shù):288 移動端

  伴隨著10月小長假的匆匆過去,大家可不要因?yàn)榧倨诙尚概?,因?yàn)轳R上就迎來了GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)換庫的日子,10月GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)換庫了,現(xiàn)在就由澳際小編來為大家整理十月份的GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)整理,下面是關(guān)于GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)的相關(guān)問題,希望對大家備考GMAT考試有所幫助。

  原始

  [原始1]

  一篇閱讀是講英國lord和nerf的啥的關(guān)系。說貴族喜歡壓迫這些人,讓他們在貴族自己的土地上勞動(有題,我選的土地不屬于nerf).后面說lord喜歡壓迫這些人,攫取他們的勞動成果,這樣限制了t開頭的什么人對這些土地的投資。

  后面一段說lord壓迫下的nerf和free nerf的區(qū)別。說這些區(qū)別被研究的人overlook了。好像還說了lord的這種行為導(dǎo)致了一系列經(jīng)濟(jì)停滯增加等等等的不好的后果,有題,問lord的這種行為導(dǎo)致了什么結(jié)果。我選的所有人的長期利益都受損。

  考古

  [考古1]

  第七篇中世紀(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)惡化探源:莊園主(lord)和佃農(nóng)(tenant)的關(guān)系

  版本一acrophobia (V35)

  這題的主旨是討論為什么英國十四世紀(jì)時候生產(chǎn)力下降了呢?

  p1有老觀念說是因?yàn)橐郧叭说恼J(rèn)為是lord只關(guān)心自己享樂不關(guān)心生產(chǎn)導(dǎo)致的(還以為法律規(guī)定了佃農(nóng)沒有自己土地所有權(quán))

  p2使用了一個free serf的例子說明以上觀點(diǎn)是錯誤的

  p3說access to land 的變化 才是生產(chǎn)力下降的真正原因

  版本二 scratte (V42)

  第一段:傳統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,lord給tenant,特別是serf tenant (隸屬于lord的,給其交租納貢的tenant),帶來了極大的經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力,因?yàn)閠enant要交很高的稅負(fù),要孝敬lord,缺乏人身自由。但是,這一觀點(diǎn)是不正確的。因?yàn)槠湟?,有很大一部分是nonserf tenant,這些人只要交很低的錢,有很大的自由度,小日子還挺滋潤;其二,即便是serf tenant,他們的生活也沒有那么糟糕,他們還是有一定自主權(quán)的,諸如lord要增加稅賦的時候,他們可以提出反對意見,并且有一定的力量。

  第二段(還是第三段?不是很清楚了):但是中世紀(jì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)還是惡化了,這是為什么呢?究其原因,是因?yàn)閘ord在表面上向tenant做了讓步,使其獲得短期經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,但是從長期來看,lord通過這些舉措遏制了人口和經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,并最終帶來了社會環(huán)境的惡化。

  這是一篇長閱讀,我記得最后一個題目好像是我上面講到的第二段,問你lord的這些舉措是serve了誰的長期or短期利益?我從文章的理解是,serve the short terminterest of tenant but not the long term。大家碰到的話可以再看看。

  問題有:7/6

  Q1: 有主題題

  Q2: 問作者在第二段提到free-tenant的作用

  Q3: 問你lord的這些舉措是serve了誰的長期or短期利益?

  答:serve the short term interest of tenant but not the long term。也有答: 短期對領(lǐng)主有利,但不利于長期的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。因?yàn)樵斐舌l(xiāng)村的失業(yè)。大家小心。

  考古 nowwsy!!謝謝 7/1

  14世紀(jì)的有關(guān)英國封建領(lǐng)主的東西

  新老觀點(diǎn)型:關(guān)于封建領(lǐng)主影響英國經(jīng)濟(jì)長期發(fā)展的真正原因

  1)傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)。14世紀(jì)時人民的生活水平日益下降,甚至到了威脅生存的地步(開頭句)。接著說了英國lord和tenant的關(guān)系,tenant的生活如何疾苦,如何受lord剝削控制,以至于他們的關(guān)系像是master和serf(農(nóng)奴)。學(xué)者們還認(rèn)為這些地主好吃懶做,表現(xiàn)在很重視眼前的享受和消費(fèi),而不在乎長遠(yuǎn)的發(fā)展,所以經(jīng)濟(jì)一直處于投資不足的狀態(tài)(underinvestment),還說了一些其它因素,這些都妨礙了宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。

  2)新證據(jù)。雖然老觀點(diǎn)有著很大的吸引力(作者用了compelling),但是它越來越不能回答近期發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些新證據(jù)(主題句)。老觀點(diǎn)忽視了(overlook)另一個不同于lord和tenant的新人群:free tenant。他們不是serf,不受地主的人身控制,只用按一個較低的fixed rate繳納租金。最后提到其實(shí)tenant也不是原來想的那樣軟弱無力,他們已經(jīng)能夠組織起來和地主negotiate rate。

  3)進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)充。為了應(yīng)付tenant想多租地?cái)U(kuò)大自身利益的欲望,地主想出了一系列方法。。。,生詞很多,看不太懂。。。結(jié)果就是造成巨大的 unemploymentin rural area. 地主的這種做法相當(dāng)于對經(jīng)濟(jì)的一個“brake”,阻礙了14世紀(jì)的英國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。(有題,說地主的做法對誰有利?選項(xiàng)里都分了從長期看和從短期看,兩方面討論)[推測:短期對領(lǐng)主有利,但不利于長期的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。因?yàn)樵斐舌l(xiāng)村的失業(yè)]感覺第三段可能是對第一段經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的反駁,說這才是阻礙經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的真正原因,當(dāng)然這只是我個人的看法。

  超完美匹合原文版bycamelo777

  Any analysis ofwhy the early fourteenth-century agrarian economy was so predisposed to&aposcrisis&apos necessarily requires carul consideration of class and propertyrelations on the land, for, as Robert Brenner and S. H. Rigby have bothemphasized, these could be of decisive importance.7At that time landlordsexercised feudal rights of lordship over their tenants, many of whom were ofservile status and therore legally subordinate to their lords. This powerrelationship shaped the tenurial relationship between those who owned the landand those who occupied and worked it. Thus it was tenure, as regulated bylandlords, that determined the supply of holdings and the form and level ofrents that were charged. Until recently it was widely believed that feudaltenurial relationships sanctioned and facilitated the extra-economicexploitation of tenants by their lords. Together, the heaviness of rent chargesand the arbitrariness of lordship discouraged and depressed tenant investmentin agriculture.8Meanwhile, lords were more interested in pursuing a feudallifestyle of conspicuous consumption than in enhancing the productivity andprofitability of their estates.9The upshot, it has been claimed, was a viciouscircle of underinvestment, static technology, and low and decliningagricultural productivity.10

  Such pessimisticviews of lords and their relations with their tenants have long exercised acompelling appeal.15 Nevertheless, they have become increasingly difficult toreconcile with a growing body of historical evidence. The preoccupation withserfdom overlooks the numerous free tenants who were exempt from the mostcoercive aspects of lordship.16Free tenants mostly paid fixed and low rents andtheir property rights enjoyed the protection of the royal courts。The more substantial customarytenants were, in fact, relatively well off 。 Many of these tenants certainly paid a proportion of their rent inlabour, but historians, probably because of a modern abhorrence of theinstitution of forced labour, have exaggerated its economic significance. Inreality, only a minority of tenants actually performed labour services, and theaggregate value of rents in cash far exceeded that of rents in kind.21Notwithstanding the much-vaunted powers of lordship, tenants had long beenremarkably fective at opposing forts by lords to raise rents and increaselabour services in line with rising land values and commodity prices.22They didso by countering seigniorial power with custom and denying that, as tenants,they were obliged to pay their lords anything more than a de facto ground rentfor the land. Tenant right, in fact, often proved more powerful than landlordright.

  As this articleargues, the fact that so many tenants were in such conspicuous economicdifficulties by the early fourteenth century had less to do with feudallordship per se and the supposed oppressions and inequalities of serfdom, thanwith the contradictions and inficiencies inherent in the coexistence ofcustomary, contractual and commercial relationships. Herein lay the real sourceof the agrarian problem in the early fourteenth century. In so far as lordswere the inadvertent agents of this adverse state of affairs, it was becausetheir dealings with their tenants were typically more compliant than coercive.By yielding to tenant demands for access to land on terms that were sofavourable to the tenants, lords created the preconditions for the subdivisionand subletting that stoked population growth and thereby engendered the ruralcongestion that was the source of so much under- and unemployment, with all thenegative consequences that this implies for labour productivity, livingstandards and purchasing power. This deteriorating situation in the countrysideacted as a brake upon the continued growth of the economy and, from 1315, ltincreasing numbers ever more cruelly exposed to the heightened risk ofenvironmental hazard

  附上bale的中文版

  Para1:

  B:傳統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,lord給tenant,特別是serf tenant (隸屬於lord的,給其交租納貢的tenant),帶來了極大的經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力,因?yàn)閠enant要交很高的稅負(fù),要孝敬lord,缺乏人身自由。

  Para2:

  P:但是,這一觀點(diǎn)是不正確的,雖然老觀點(diǎn)有著很大的吸引力(作者用了compelling),但是它越來越不能回答近期發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些新證據(jù)(主題句)。

  S:因?yàn)槠湟?,有很大一部分是non serf tenant,這些人只要交很低的錢,有很大的自由度,小日子還挺滋潤;其二,即便是serftenant,他們的生活也沒有那麼糟糕,他們還是有一定自主權(quán)的,諸如lord要增加稅賦的時候,他們可以提出反對意見,並且有一定的力量。

  Para3:

  S:但是中世紀(jì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)還是惡化了,這是為什麼呢?究其原因,是因?yàn)?,為了?yīng)付tenant想多租地?cái)U(kuò)大自身利益的欲望,地主想出了一系列方法。。。,生詞很多,看不太懂。。。結(jié)果就是造成巨大的 unemploymentin rural area. 地主的這種做法相當(dāng)於對經(jīng)濟(jì)的一個“brake”,阻礙了14世紀(jì)的英國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。lord在表面上向tenant做了讓步使tenant獲得短期經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,但是從長期來看,lord通過這些舉措遏制了人口和經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,並最終帶來了社會環(huán)境的惡化。

  [考古2]

  P1背景:14Century英國生活水平下降,tenant苦不堪言

  1)現(xiàn)象:lordVStenant≈masterVSserf

  2)老觀點(diǎn):lord只圖現(xiàn)在,不做長遠(yuǎn)打算。阻礙經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。

  P2老觀點(diǎn)不對(原因有二)

  3)原因1:忽略了free tenant

  4)原因2:tenant其實(shí)也沒那么弱小

  P2地主應(yīng)對策略及評價

  5)采取方法: subdivision和subtling

  6)造成結(jié)果:大量失業(yè),大批人地?zé)o可耕,人口發(fā)展受限

  7)評價:應(yīng)讓tenant享有土地right,但不應(yīng)鼠目寸光,影響經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展

  三、段落大意

  P1 14世紀(jì)時人民的生活水平日益下降,甚至到了威脅生存的地步。接著描述了英國lord和tenant之間的關(guān)系,tenant的生活如何疾苦,如何受lord剝削控制啦,以至于他們的關(guān)系像是master和serf(農(nóng)奴)。一些學(xué)者們原先認(rèn)為這些地主好吃懶做,表現(xiàn)在很重視眼前的享受和消費(fèi),而不在乎長遠(yuǎn)的發(fā)展,所以經(jīng)濟(jì)一直處于投資不足的狀態(tài)(underinvestment),還說了一些其他因素,這些都妨礙了宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。

  P2然而,老觀點(diǎn)有著很大的吸引力(compelling),但是它越來越不能回答近期發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些新證據(jù)。因?yàn)槔嫌^點(diǎn)忽視了(overlook)另一個不同于lord和tenant的新人群:free tenant。free tenant不是serf,不受地主的人身控制。他們只用按一個較低的fixed rate繳納租金。而且tenant也不是原來想的那樣軟弱無力,他們已經(jīng)能夠組織起來和地主negotiate rate。

  P3地主為了應(yīng)付tenant想多租地,擴(kuò)大自身利益的欲望,采取了一系列方法。例如:subdivision和subtling。這些方法導(dǎo)致了rural area巨大的unemployment,以及農(nóng)村大量佃農(nóng)失業(yè)無地可耕,家庭人口受限制的現(xiàn)象。作者認(rèn)為地主的這種做法相當(dāng)于對經(jīng)濟(jì)的一個“brake”,阻礙了14世紀(jì)的英國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。雖然landlord給與tenant對土地享有right的做法,但是最后造成的unemployment很高,再加上政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)因素的不穩(wěn)定,直接導(dǎo)致了當(dāng)時的衰退。究其原因,是因?yàn)閘ord在表面上向tenant做了讓步,使其獲得短期經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。但是從長期來看,lord通過這些舉措遏制了人口和經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,并最終帶來了社會環(huán)境的惡化。

  四、題目

  1、主旨題(本月試題)

  V1 經(jīng)濟(jì)停滯不前的原因(秒選答案)

  add a new factor to explain 經(jīng)濟(jì)停滯不前的原因,類似的話語,那個new factor就是free tenant(本月V44狗主答案、本月V37確認(rèn))

  考古答案:貌似evaluate14世紀(jì)英國經(jīng)濟(jì)停滯不前的真正原因

  2、lord對于社會的影響是怎么樣的。(本月試題)

  V1選的就是短期benifit,長期是negative的 (參考答案)(本月V33狗主答案)

  3、在作者眼里lord應(yīng)該是怎么樣的。(本月試題)

  V1選的好像是lord依然需要維護(hù)法律這樣意思的一個 (參考答案)(本月V33答案)

  4、問這個文章的寫作方式,(本月試題)

  V1選有modification的(參考答案) (本月V37確認(rèn))

  考古答案:選介紹了個現(xiàn)象,給出了解釋,然后modify了解釋的那個。

  5、是如果以下什么措施被采取了,那么文中第一段黃色highlight的那個詞(我理解為激化的階級矛盾,但這詞我不認(rèn)識)可以被緩和或者解決,

  選項(xiàng)有A擴(kuò)大佃農(nóng)家庭人數(shù),

  C控制subdivision和subtlling,

  V1選C

  6、從文章infer出什么,(本月試題)

  V1選地主并不是肆無忌憚,還想有法律約束什么的(參考答案) (本月V37確認(rèn))

  考古答案: 選landlord對土地權(quán)利神馬的,不是totally free(因?yàn)榈诙翁岬侥莻€free tetant他們好像有royal court保護(hù),所以landlord不是完全橫行的)。

  7、Free tenant例子的作用/舉例說那些non-tenant的目的是什么

  V1選舉了個例子說明老觀點(diǎn)不能解釋一些新的evidence(參考答案)

  8、關(guān)于landlord賦予free tenant對土地的權(quán)利,作者同意哪個選項(xiàng)有,(本月試題)

  A.serve the short term and long term interest of landlord;

  B.serve the short term and long term interest of tenant;

  C.serve neither short term nor long term interest of landlord;

  D.serve neither short term nor long term interest of landlord;

  E.serve short term interest of tenant but not the long term(秒選答案)

  V1選了E 本月V44、V37狗主確認(rèn)

  【以下為該狗主心理歷程:選我當(dāng)時很糾結(jié),我覺得,站在黃世仁的角度,他肯定不愿意把土地的權(quán)利下放給楊白勞,所以黃世仁覺得此事不妥,對他長期短期都不利;站在楊白勞的角度,肯定想擁有田地,對他長期短期都好事兒啊。我當(dāng)時想,丫的人家free tenant在土地上過的好好的,男耕女織,生兒育女,其樂融融,和諧社會,過著低碳又環(huán)保的生活。你非得讓人家發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)、棄農(nóng)務(wù)工才是社會進(jìn)步么?瞧瞧現(xiàn)在所謂“發(fā) 展”導(dǎo)致的溫室效應(yīng)、氣候異常、極端天氣、資源衰竭等,人類遲早要被所謂的“發(fā)展”搞得滅亡了,心想作者你也太狹隘了。。。罵完之后,違心地選了E】

  以上就是關(guān)于GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)的全部內(nèi)容,考生朋友可以有選擇的看看,最后需要提醒各位的是,GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)雖然會對我們解題有所幫助,但是在考場中即使題目很像也要避免秒選,最后祝大家都能考出好成績。

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