10月GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)：原始人的牙齒.

　　轉(zhuǎn)眼間小長假就這么過去了，就迎來了每個月GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)換庫的日子，10月GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)換庫了，現(xiàn)在就由小編來為大家整理十月份的GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)整理，下面是關(guān)于GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)的相關(guān)問題，希望對大家有所幫助。

　　原始

　　[原始1]

　　有一個研究hominid的遷移和居住時間規(guī)律的，這是一個長期存在的問題，文章主要是介紹了一個新的方法可以解決并弄清其遷移的季節(jié)性還是地域性。這種測試方法是通過測試他們牙齒上的一種mark，然后可以通過上面的一個什么物質(zhì)來判斷臨死前吃的最后一種食物，通過判斷食物來判定hominid是每年seasonal遷移還是居住在一個地方一段時間以后離開。文章極長，大概有5、6段

　　[原始2] 一個測HOMINID的方法 真不記得了。。。。

　　考古

　　[考古1]

　　V1 by angellmason

　　一個科考話題，確定一類早期的人或動物的活動啥的，然后用了一個新的方法，可以通過測定好像是牙齒呀什么的東西來確定他們的活動。(文章太長了，記不住)

　　V2 by paulinezhu

　　一個是研究一種什么動物的化石來確定hominid.一個科考話題，確定一類早期的人靈長類動物的活動，是一下子在山洞里呆很長時間不出去還是每次很短，但是會呆很多次，然后用了一個新的方法，是研究一種早期人的食用的某種試草動物的牙齒化石，可以通過測定好像是牙齒上面的殘留的植物的化石的來確定他們的活動。文章有6段，很長。最后文章結(jié)論說兩種洞居的情況都有。我記得有一個加強(qiáng)題，問什么finding會支持說殘留物可以讓科學(xué)家得出結(jié)論，我選了當(dāng)時那些植物一直都有，有可能不對，我的邏輯是有植物才能確定時間，這個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)每年不。選項(xiàng)還有說人當(dāng)時不僅捕捉被研究的這種生物，還捉別的生物，還說人也吃那些植物。另外有一個highlight的題目，帶一個meal字，問的是作者最同意選項(xiàng)里面那句。我選了最后一項(xiàng)，說通過檢查化石，科學(xué)家知道動物死以前吃的是什么。

　　V3 by Poodle1223

　　有人猿jaw 和 rough food , 這個有題問according to the article, .....established 什么， 選項(xiàng)居然有jj里面的人猿可以同時接觸到rough /unrough food.但是我覺得不是這個，推導(dǎo)順序反

　　V4 by Cannybs

　　第2篇，蠻長的，好像有5段，講一些研究者要研究一下一個什麼種族的人(hominid)在某地居住的情況和時間，然后方法是就去研究一些食草動物(u打頭的一個專有名詞)的化石，但文章有解釋意思就是食草動物，還查看他們的牙齒上teeth/dental的wear(應(yīng)該是磨損的意思)，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)這些wear在吃東西的時候產(chǎn)生，但是之后的會erase previous ones(此處有考題). 后面幾段好像說發(fā)現(xiàn)這些wear里有difference還是invariance,而且還有seasonal的特點(diǎn)，由此可以確定它們吃的食物的類別，不記得了，最后一段：由此可以說明什麼在hunting 少的時候，好像是說這些人住得短，如果hunting多的季節(jié)，就相反，這里可能有點(diǎn)出入，大家仔細(xì)看，等后人補(bǔ)充。

　　V5 by catking2005

　　還是做得很差……好長好長

　　V3里那個人猿可以同時接觸到rough /unrough food.那個選項(xiàng)的意思是古人類可以把食物加工成怎樣的或怎樣的，這個題目好像是要削弱文章結(jié)論

　　V2里另外有一個highlight的題目，帶一個meal字，問的是作者最同意選項(xiàng)里面那句。我選了最后一項(xiàng)，說通過檢查化石，科學(xué)家知道動物死以前吃的是什么。那句高亮的句子大意是說“多虧了最后的晚餐”，就是說動物死之前吃的神馬東西可以對研究作出項(xiàng)獻(xiàn)。這題我同意原狗主人的觀點(diǎn)。盡管我因?yàn)榘裮eal看成了meat，而選項(xiàng)里又講了plant，所以選了另外一個答案……

　　V6 by sherrycc

　　個highlight的題目，帶一個meal字，問的是作者最同意選項(xiàng)里面那句。我選了最后一項(xiàng)，說通過檢查化石，科學(xué)家知道動物死以前吃的是什么。

　　其他想起來再補(bǔ)充吧~~~額。。。。不記得了

　　V7 by DexJ

　　說明：關(guān)于hominid的文章應(yīng)該有兩篇，一篇應(yīng)當(dāng)是關(guān)于hominid活動與食草動物化石研究的;另一篇是我今天碰到的，主要講通過古今化石對比研究生物特性，hominid僅是一個例子。

　　P1:Paleontologists 通過對比生物化石與今天生物特征，來推斷古代生物的習(xí)性。比如，發(fā)現(xiàn)TyrannosaurusRex(暴龍)有fang(毒牙)，就推斷它是一種predator。However, new research indicates that 即便化石顯示出了一種特性，這種生物也不一定did so.

　　P2: 科學(xué)家驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)古人類有著強(qiáng)力的jaw和chewing muscles, 卻僅僅吃general diet。(Scientist would be astonished to findthat hominid that has tough jaw and chewing muscles only on general diet. )

　　P3: 在M地區(qū)的Hominid中里既有強(qiáng)力teeth and jaw, 也有稍弱的。這樣，在年景不好的時候，那些比較強(qiáng)的就過得更好些，從而得以pass their genes.

　　Q1: 主旨題。

　　Q2: 根據(jù)科學(xué)家的發(fā)現(xiàn)可以infer什么?hominid中存在both types(強(qiáng)的和不強(qiáng)的)

　　Q3: 以下哪個與P2中說的情況相似。

　　A...(忘了，但好排除)

　　B…(忘了，但好排除)

　　C.一種動物的tail既能驅(qū)趕insects又能balance its body

　　D.一種動物在黑暗中視力很好，但only active in day time(我選這個)

　　E…(有迷惑性，選擇時請留意)

　　V8 by lifanscut

　　第二篇傳說中的hominid

　　這篇實(shí)在是巨長，我見過有史以來最長的文章，六段還是五段，反正兩屏，但是有JJ，心里有底嘍~

　　研究一種什么動物的化石來確定hominid.，確定一類早期的人靈長類動物的活動，是一下子在山洞里呆很長時間不出去還是每次很短，但是會呆很多次，然后用了一個新的方法，是研究一種早期人的食用的某種試草動物的牙齒化石，可以通過測定好像是牙齒上面的殘留的植物的化石的來確定他們的活動。文章有6段，很長。最后文章結(jié)論說兩種洞居的情況都有。結(jié)論是兩種都有，通篇的結(jié)構(gòu)是這樣的：先講hominid的活動有兩種(如上所述)，再說現(xiàn)在科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)的研究方法可以確定這個問題(具體介紹怎么用植物神馬的，神馬動物和一種物質(zhì)來確定，其中有個單詞ungulate可以查查，對理解文章有幫助)，最后講述了這個方法的意義，結(jié)尾是研究結(jié)果——根據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)，兩種行為都是存在的。

　　題目有削弱題，問什么finding會削弱說殘留物可以讓科學(xué)家得出結(jié)論，我選的是人不僅吃食草動物還吃食肉動物，覺得是有道理的，正是因?yàn)槿祟愂澄锊粏我?，所以單一方面的研究不能有力證實(shí)結(jié)論的發(fā)現(xiàn)。

　　另外有一個highlight的題目，帶一個meal字，問的是作者最同意選項(xiàng)里面那句。我選了最后一項(xiàng)，說通過檢查化石，科學(xué)家知道動物死以前吃的是什么。那句高亮的句子大意是說“多虧了最后的晚餐”，就是說動物死之前吃的神馬東西可以對研究作出項(xiàng)獻(xiàn)。這題我同意原狗主人的觀點(diǎn)。

　　之后我在網(wǎng)上找到了原文的摘要，因?yàn)槭峭馕木W(wǎng)，所以數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)不去，這里附上摘要：

　　Abstract

　　Characterization of settlement patterns is one of the core concepts in archeological research. The duration of an occupation is usually estimated through zooarchaeology (e.g., density of remains, cementochronology) and is limited by taphonomic processes and sample size. We propose a new application of dental wear methods for estimating the relative duration of hominid settlements in Paleolithic sites. Dental microwear is known to be sensitive to seasonal changes in diet. In this new application we use microwear scratch counts to estimate the variation in the dietary signal of various ungulate species. We propose that this variation is correlated to the duration of site occupation. Each season presents a limited and different set of food resources available in the environment. If animals are sampled only during a specific season (i.e., during a short term occupation) then they would be expected to have a dental wear signal with little variation. On the other hand, a greater diversity of food is available across different seasons. Therore, if game animals are hunted through various seasons during long occupation periods, then they would be expected to have more variable dental wear. The application of this technique to the Middle Paleolithic site of Arago Cave (France), where various types of occupations occurred, supports this hypothesis. When combined with multidisciplinary studies of archaeological localities (seasonality in particular), this new application of dental wear analysis presents valuable information about hominid settlements and behavior. We contextualize our data with results from lithic and zooarchaeological analyses from Arago. These results reveal the presence of both high and low mobility groups of Homo heidelbergensis throughout the sequence of the Arago Cave.

　　摘要的原文很有很有很有很有可能是文章，因?yàn)檎膬?nèi)容和文章吻合到爆，更重要的是用詞和句法完美吻合，看完這個hominid就不用愁了，單詞也沒有不認(rèn)識的了~~~

　　參考資料

　　Tiny marks on the teeth of an ancient human ancestor known as the "Nutcracker Man" may upset current evolutionary understanding of early hominid diet.

　　Using high-powered microscopes, researchers looked at rough geometric shapes on the teeth of several Nutcracker Man specimens and determined that their structure alone was not enough to predict diet.

　　Peter Ungar, professor of anthropology at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, contends the finding shows evolutionary adaptation for eating may have been based on scarcity rather than on an animal&aposs regular diet.

　　"These findings totally run counter to what people have been saying for the last half a century," says Ungar. "We have to sit back and re-evaluate what we once thought."

　　Ungar and his colleagues, Frederick E. Grine of State University of New York at Stony Brook and Mark F. Teaford of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., reported their findings last week in the Public Library of Science One, a peer-reviewed, international, online journal. The research was funded in part by the National Science Foundation.

　　The researchers examined the teeth of Paranthropus boisei, an ancient hominin that lived between 2.3 and 1.2 million years ago and is known popularly as the "Nutcracker Man" because it has the biggest, flattest cheek teeth and the thickest enamel of any known human ancestor.

　　"Ungar and colleagues&apos work on Paranthropus boisei diet is extremely important," says Joanna Lambert, physical anthropology program director at NSF. "Understanding what and how early hominins ate sheds light not only onto the feeding biology of our fossil ancestors, but also onto the very evolution of our own species."

　　Scientists long have believed that P. boisei fed on nuts and seeds or roots and tubers found in the savannas throughout eastern Africa because the teeth, cranium and mandible appear to be built for chewing and crunching hard objects.

　　But Ungar points out that the teeth only suggest "what P. boisei could eat, but not necessarily what it did eat."

　　Anthropologists have traditionally inferred the diet of ancient human ancestors by looking at the size and shape of the teeth and jaws. However, by using powerful microscopes to look at the patterns of wear on a tooth, scientists can get direct evidence of what the species actually ate.

　　Since food interacts with teeth, it leaves behind telltale signs that can be measured. Hard foods like nuts and seeds, for instance, lead to more complex tooth profiles, while tough foods like leaves lead to more parallel scratches.

　　Researchers compared dental microwear profiles of P. boisei to modern-day primates that eat different types of foods. P. boisei teeth were compared to those of the Old World Monkey species grey-cheeked mangabeys, and the New World Monkey species brown capuchin monkeys-both of these species consume mostly soft items but fall back on hard nuts or palm fronds.

　　Old World monkeys are found today in South and East Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Gibraltar at the southern tip of Spain. New World monkeys are found in tropical forest environments in southern Mexico, Central and South America.

　　P. boisei dental profiles also were compared to the New World mantled howling monkey and Old World silvered leaf monkey, which eat mostly leaves. Researchers also compared them to some of P. boisei&aposs more contemporary counterparts-Australopithecus africanus, which lived between 3.3 million and 2.3 million years ago, and Paranthropus robustus, which lived between 2 million and 1.5 million years ago.

　　The findings showed that P. boisei teeth had light wear, suggesting that none of the individuals ate extremely hard or tough foods in the days leading up to death. The pattern was more consistent with modern-day fruit-eating animals than with most modern-day primates.

　　"It looks more like they were eating Jell-O," Ungar said.

　　This finding, while contradictory to previous speculation on the diet of P. boisei, is in line with a paradox documented in fish. Liem&aposs Paradox states that animals may actively avoid eating the very foods they have developed adaptations for when they can find other food sources.

　　It appears the paradox may hold true for P. boisei and for some modern-day primates as well.

　　"If you give a gorilla a choice of eating fruit or a leaf, it will take the fruit every time," Ungar says. "But if you look at a gorilla&aposs skull, its sharp teeth are adapted to consuming tough leaves. They don&apost eat the leaves unless they have to."

　　Accordingly, the finding represents a fundamental shift in the way researchers look at the diets of early human ancestors.

　　"For many years, the perspective has been that the very large teeth and thick dental enamel of P. boisei were adaptations to consuming very hard food types year-round," says Lambert. "Such specialization has historically been viewed as a potential cause for this fossil species&apos extinction. The research team demonstrated that such generalizations require carul re-thinking, and that P. boisei was a more flexible feeder than has classically been viewed."

　　"This challenges the fundamental assumptions of why such specializations occur in nature," Ungar says. "It shows that animals can develop an extreme degree of specialization without the specialized object becoming a prerred resource."

　　以上就是關(guān)于GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)的全部內(nèi)容，考生朋友可以有選擇的看看，最后需要提醒各位的是，GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)雖然會對我們解題有所幫助，但是在考場中即使題目很像也要避免秒選，最后祝大家都能考出好成績。