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9月GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng):全球化.

2017/08/10 13:32:28 編輯: 瀏覽次數(shù):324 移動(dòng)端

  9月GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)換庫(kù)了,現(xiàn)在就由小編來(lái)為大家整理九月份的GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)整理,下面是關(guān)于GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)的相關(guān)問(wèn)題,分享給大家,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助,文中觀點(diǎn)僅供參考。

  本月原始V1【By 覽物之情】

  做到了一篇講globalization 的題目,一共是四個(gè)段,結(jié)構(gòu)很清晰講對(duì)全球化的認(rèn)識(shí)有四個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。這個(gè)八月機(jī)經(jīng)里面有詳細(xì)的

  V2【By Daisy超人】

  全文一共4段,一屏半多,但是結(jié)構(gòu)非常清晰,內(nèi)容也很易懂。主要在rute三個(gè)關(guān)于globalization原因的觀點(diǎn)。第一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)觀念是說(shuō)大企業(yè)推動(dòng)了globalization,但作者及作者提到的專家則認(rèn)為事實(shí)上中小企業(yè)比大企業(yè)更加靈活,固定資產(chǎn)更少,移動(dòng)也更加方便。第二個(gè)傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)是產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化推動(dòng)了全球化,這里舉了一個(gè)反例,說(shuō)麥當(dāng)勞在全世界各地的菜單是非常因地制宜的,因此并不是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化而是customerization促使全球化。第三個(gè)傳統(tǒng)觀念是說(shuō)地理限制越來(lái)越小。這里作者說(shuō)了其實(shí)交通成本在當(dāng)下依然是很高的,所以這個(gè)說(shuō)法也不對(duì)。最后說(shuō)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群效應(yīng)倒是有可能成為企業(yè)克服交通成本進(jìn)行全球化的動(dòng)力,舉了硅谷為例。

  V3【By Juvia】

  最后一篇記得挺清楚的,說(shuō)關(guān)于globalization有幾個(gè)論斷,但是S的觀點(diǎn)都駁斥了這些論斷。第一個(gè)不記得了,第二個(gè)是說(shuō)大公司都更標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化大批量,而小一點(diǎn)的公司反而更能適應(yīng)local的環(huán)境,然后舉了麥當(dāng)勞在不同地方賣不同東西來(lái)支持這個(gè)localization。后面有一題是問(wèn)麥當(dāng)勞的例子說(shuō)明什么,明顯就是麥當(dāng)勞是一個(gè)S觀點(diǎn)中的榜樣。第三點(diǎn)是說(shuō)跨國(guó)公司已經(jīng)可以基本無(wú)視掉地理因素了,然后S認(rèn)為其實(shí)很多東西的產(chǎn)地還是挺受限的。最后提了一個(gè)概念大概是industry cluster大概就是資源地域,就是說(shuō)集中性資源的反而形成了一個(gè)小的地域優(yōu)勢(shì),比如美國(guó)硅谷,這種資源地域因?yàn)槠洳豢商娲运酝﹂L(zhǎng)久的。

  考古+分析【By 元叔】

  ※ 主題思路:

  人們對(duì)全球化通常有三個(gè)看法:大公司表現(xiàn)好,商品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,地域化;作者加以駁斥

  ※ 段落大意:

  第一段: 對(duì)全球化的通常有三個(gè)看法,但這往往是人們的誤區(qū),文章就分別對(duì)著三種通常的看法進(jìn)行一一的駁斥

  第二段: 駁斥第一個(gè)誤區(qū):大公司表現(xiàn)好

  誤區(qū): 通常人們認(rèn)為globalization中大公司表現(xiàn)更好,更容易成功。 大公司比小公司更容易更適合在全球化環(huán)境中生存。

  駁斥: 小公司更容易生存。小公司的固定成本低,并且他非常的靈活:有多些彈性改變調(diào)整運(yùn)營(yíng)并且小公司也不需要考慮過(guò)多其他的因素。

  第三段: 駁斥第二個(gè)誤區(qū):商品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化

  誤區(qū): 商品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。

  駁斥: 是在全球化環(huán)境中,商品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化看似必須,其實(shí)并不適合。全球化不代表都要生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的東西,統(tǒng)一這些生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)則。舉例麥當(dāng)勞的例子(說(shuō)麥當(dāng)勞注重各地方居民的飲食習(xí)慣,提供不同的特色品種,結(jié)果取得了很好的效果)

  第四段:駁斥第三個(gè)誤區(qū):地域化的不重要性

  誤區(qū):在全球化的時(shí)代地域geographic(公司建在什么地方)在globalization中已經(jīng)不那么重要了。

  駁斥:在全球化的過(guò)程中,打算做全球生意的公司,建立跨國(guó)企業(yè)是必須的。然而國(guó)與國(guó)之間的運(yùn)輸成本大小會(huì)影響公司決策的,使其最后能不能走向全球化。

  第五段: 作者發(fā)表觀點(diǎn):對(duì)第三段進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充

  地域化的例子是企業(yè)群,比如說(shuō)硅谷,然后說(shuō)了這種模式的優(yōu)勢(shì)。全球化其中一個(gè)趨勢(shì)business cluster開(kāi)始產(chǎn)生,文章說(shuō)所謂的business cluster就是將所有的資源與技術(shù)集中在同一處,例如硅谷就擁有許多技術(shù)勞工跟資金資助,這使得硅谷在短時(shí)間內(nèi)很難被取而代之。

  ※ 備注:

  1)小公司的固定成本比較低;調(diào)整運(yùn)營(yíng)也很方便

  2)麥當(dāng)勞根據(jù)不同的地方弄出了不同的特色品種;打造了自己的品牌

  3)地域差異化的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)使得越來(lái)越多的公司更看重運(yùn)輸成本,通過(guò)此來(lái)決策。

  4) 硅谷是地域化的代表:企業(yè)群;把資源和技術(shù)都集中在硅谷一處,讓他無(wú)法替代

  ※ 題目:

  1)中小企業(yè)的敘述能infer出什么來(lái)。

  我選中小企業(yè)的變動(dòng)成本比較大。有個(gè)選項(xiàng)說(shuō)中小企業(yè)比大企業(yè)有較多flexibility,我猶豫了很久,后來(lái)覺(jué)得這應(yīng)該是文中本來(lái)就有的信息,大概不能算infer吧,所以選了前頭那個(gè)。大家參考就好)

  2)business cluster的相關(guān)敘述哪個(gè)是對(duì)的。

  我選每一個(gè)business cluster都具有獨(dú)一無(wú)二生產(chǎn)要素組合,此處有兩個(gè)迷惑選項(xiàng),一個(gè)說(shuō)cluster的主要競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)就是容易取得優(yōu)秀的勞工與大量資金,另一個(gè)是說(shuō)cluster在未來(lái)會(huì)越來(lái)越賺錢

  ※ 引申:

  Business cluster的介紹: 維基百科

  This term business cluster, also known as an industry cluster, competitive cluster, or Porterian cluster, was introduced and popularized by Michael Porter in The Competitive Advantage of Nations (1990).The importance of economic geography, or more correctly geographical economics, was also brought to attention by Paul Krugman in Geography and Trade (1991). Cluster development has since become a focus for many government programs. The underlying concept, which economists have rerred to as agglomeration economies, dates back to 1890, and the work of Alfred Marshall.

  Michael Porter claims that clusters have the potential to affect competition in three ways: by increasing the productivity of the companies in the cluster, by driving innovation in the field, and by stimulating new businesses in the field. According to Porter, in the modern global economy, comparative advantage, how certain locations have special endowments (i.e., harbor, cheap labor) to overcome heavy input costs, is less relevant. Now, competitive advantage, how companies make productive use of inputs, requiring continual innovation, is more important.

  Put in another way, a business cluster is a geographical location where enough resources and competences amass reach a critical threshold, giving it a key position in a given economic branch of activity, and with a decisive sustainable competitive advantage over other places, or even a world supremacy in that field (i.e. Silicon Valley and Hollywood).

  Silicon Valley case

  In the mid- to late 1990s several successful computer technology related companies emerged in Silicon Valley in California. This led anyone who wished to create a startup company to do so in Silicon Valley. The surge in the number of Silicon Valley startups led to a number of venture capital firms relocating to or expanding their Valley offices. This in turn encouraged more entrepreneurs to locate their startups there.

  In other words venture capitalists (sellers of finance) and dot-com startups (buyers of finance) "clustered" in and around a geographical area.

  The cluster fect in the capital market also led to a cluster fect in the labor market. As an increasing number of companies started up in Silicon Valley, programmers, engineers etc. realized that they would find greater job opportunities by moving to Silicon Valley. This concentration of technically skilled people in the valley meant that startups around the country knew that their chances of finding job candidates with the proper skill-sets were higher in the valley, hence giving them added incentive to move there. This in turn led to more high-tech workers moving there. Similar fects have also been found in the Cambridge IT Cluster (UK)

  以上就是對(duì)于9月GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)的相關(guān)介紹,希望對(duì)大家備考GMAT考試有所幫助,文中觀點(diǎn)僅供參考。

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