GMAT機經：2017年8月閱讀（至8.29）（十三）.

　　1.2.3. 測Mount Everest 的高度*

　　AppleStrudel(730)

　　測珠峰(Mount Everest)高度(兩段):

　　首段：某年，中國重新測了珠峰，用的是傳統(tǒng)的目測法(Visibal….). 此方法是目測什么海拔儀，但是目測時是透過光線的折射讀數(shù)，(大概是像溫度計一樣讀數(shù)的)因為空氣狀況會隨溫度和壓力變化，此讀數(shù)不精確。為了減小誤差，測量隊盡量來到離峰頂只有幾邁到十幾邁的地方。(此處有題：答案就是離峰頂更近)。

　　二段：測量中在三點上改進了此傳統(tǒng)方法。第一，。。。;第二，。。。;第三，用紅旗子標記了以前測量點，下次確定還在這點測量(很好懂，第一段有關于儀器的描述有點暈，但是不需要看懂)

　　[GWD]

　　In 1975 Chinese survey teams 1975年中國人量度珠峰，使用的

　　remeasured Mount Everest, the highest 技術和1852年英國人的相同。

　　of the Himalayan mountains. Like the 他們從海岸線開始行進，每隔幾

　　Line British in 1852, they used the age-old 步量度一次上升高度。

　　(5) technique of “carrying in” sea level:

　　surveyors marched inland from the

　　coast for thousands of miles, stopping

　　at increments of as little as a few feet

　　to measure their elevation, and mark-

　　(10) ing each increment with two poles.

　　To measure the difference in elevation 使用工具：置于兩根桿中間的望

　　between poles, surveyors used an 遠鏡。

　　optical level—a telescope on a level

　　base—placed halfway between the

　　(15) poles. They sighted each pole, read-

　　ing off measurements that were then

　　used to calculate the change in eleva-

　　tion over each increment. In sight of 看到峰頂時，他們使用經緯儀

　　the peaks they used theodolites— 探定頂點的上升。

　　(20) telescopes for measuring vertical and

　　horizontal angles—to determine the

　　elevation of the summit.

　　The Chinese, however, made 但中國人努力改正英國人的誤

　　forts to correct for the errors that 差。

　　(25) had plagued the British. One source 誤差1：由于不同溫度壓力造成

　　of error is rraction, the bending of 的光折射。這會產生峰頂幻象。

　　light beams as they pass through air

　　layers of different temperature and

　　pressure. Because light traveling.

　　(30) down from a summit passes through

　　many such layers, a surveyor could

　　sight a mirage rather than the peak

　　itself. To reduce rraction errors, the 解決：1，減少通過經緯儀的光，

　　Chinese team carried in sea level to 2，使用天氣氣球測量溫度壓力。

　　(35) within five to twelve miles of Everest’s

　　summit, decreasing the amount of air

　　that light passed through on its way to

　　their theodolites. The Chinese also

　　launched weather balloons near their

　　(40) theodolites to measure atmospheric

　　temperature and pressure changes

　　to better estimate rraction errors.

　　Another hurdle is the peak’s shape. 誤差2：測量者們的測量點不同。

　　When surveyors sight the summit.

　　(45) there is a risk they might not all

　　measure the same point. In 1975

　　the Chinese installed the first survey 解決：安裝一個紅色燈塔。

　　beacon on Everest, a red rlector

　　visible through a theodolite for ten

　　(50) miles, as a rerence point. One 誤差3：海平面不平。

　　more source of error is the uneven-

　　ness of sea level. The British

　　assumed that carrying in sea level

　　would extend an imaginary line from

　　(55) the shore along Earth’s curve to a

　　point beneath the Himalaya. In

　　reality, sea level varies according

　　to the irregular interior of the planet.

　　The Chinese used a gravity meter to 解決：用重力計改正誤差。

　　correct for local deviations in sea level.

　　----------------------------------------------------------------

　　Q32:It can be inferred from the passage thatrraction would be most likely to cause errors in measurements of a mountain’selevation under which of the followingconditions?

　　A.When there are local variations in sealevel

　　B.When light passes through humid air

　　C.When theodolites are used relatively farfrom the mountain peak.

　　D.When weather balloons indicate low airtemperature and pressure.

　　E.When sea level has been carried in to within five to twelve miles of the summit.

　　------------------------------------------------------------------

　　Q33: Which of the following best describes thepurpose of the sentence in lines 23-25(“The Chinese…the British”)?

　　A.Introduce a dinition

　　B.Signal a transition in focus

　　C.Summarize the preceding paragraph

　　D.Draw a contrast between two different theories.

　　E.Present information that contradicts the preceding paragraph.

　　-----------------------------------------------------------------Q34: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible source of error in surveying mountain elevation?

　　A.Mirages

　　B.Rraction

　　C.Inaccurate instruments

　　D.Variations in sea level

　　E.Uncertainty about the exact point to bemeasured

　　---------------------------------------------------------------

　　Q35: The primary purpose of the passage is to

　　A.provide details about improvements to a process

　　B.challenge the assumptions underlying anew method

　　C.criticize the way in which a failed projectwas carried out

　　D.call for new methods to solve an existing problem

　　E.explain the theory behind a new technique

　　1.2.4. 測魚群數(shù)量 & mortality

　　AppleStrudel(730)

　　測魚群數(shù)量，死亡率(三段，屬于中等長度文章)：

　　首段：測魚群自然繁殖率。等到魚長到商業(yè)捕撈網能夠捕撈到的尺寸，捕撈魚群。比如測cod 身上的環(huán)紋確定年齡(就好像年輪)。Vf

　　二段：測魚的死亡率mortality, 只要看看每年剩下的一歲魚，兩歲魚等各有多少(大概是這個意思)

　　三段：還想測在海里活著的魚的數(shù)量，又想了個辦法

　　V2(700)

　　捕魚的，人們用一種方法測量雨的年齡以確定最佳捕魚量。第二段作者認為這種方法有缺陷，因為它忽略了逃脫網的魚的數(shù)量，然而這種方法為測量魚群的總數(shù)量提供了clue，可以計算每年魚群數(shù)量的增加與減少數(shù)

　　補充：只記得了觀點題：將了什么什么東西的development

　　V3(760 V43)

　　測量最佳捕魚量，一共三段，很難，關鍵混合了邏輯。

　　這種測量辦法交SPV什么的，

　　1.Infer 題：the accuracy of SPV depends on what? 定位第三段，應該是technique of 什么什么的hatch。

　　2.根據(jù)目測得出的Morality的數(shù)據(jù)怎么樣?inaccurate.

　　3.忘了

　　1.2.3. 測Mount Everest 的高度*

　　AppleStrudel(730)

　　測珠峰(Mount Everest)高度(兩段):

　　首段：某年，中國重新測了珠峰，用的是傳統(tǒng)的目測法(Visibal….). 此方法是目測什么海拔儀，但是目測時是透過光線的折射讀數(shù)，(大概是像溫度計一樣讀數(shù)的)因為空氣狀況會隨溫度和壓力變化，此讀數(shù)不精確。為了減小誤差，測量隊盡量來到離峰頂只有幾邁到十幾邁的地方。(此處有題：答案就是離峰頂更近)。

　　二段：測量中在三點上改進了此傳統(tǒng)方法。第一，。。。;第二，。。。;第三，用紅旗子標記了以前測量點，下次確定還在這點測量(很好懂，第一段有關于儀器的描述有點暈，但是不需要看懂)

　　[GWD]

　　In 1975 Chinese survey teams 1975年中國人量度珠峰，使用的

　　remeasured Mount Everest, the highest 技術和1852年英國人的相同。

　　of the Himalayan mountains. Like the 他們從海岸線開始行進，每隔幾

　　Line British in 1852, they used the age-old 步量度一次上升高度。

　　(5) technique of “carrying in” sea level:

　　surveyors marched inland from the

　　coast for thousands of miles, stopping

　　at increments of as little as a few feet

　　to measure their elevation, and mark-

　　(10) ing each increment with two poles.

　　To measure the difference in elevation 使用工具：置于兩根桿中間的望

　　between poles, surveyors used an 遠鏡。

　　optical level—a telescope on a level

　　base—placed halfway between the

　　(15) poles. They sighted each pole, read-

　　ing off measurements that were then

　　used to calculate the change in eleva-

　　tion over each increment. In sight of 看到峰頂時，他們使用經緯儀

　　the peaks they used theodolites— 探定頂點的上升。

　　(20) telescopes for measuring vertical and

　　horizontal angles—to determine the

　　elevation of the summit.

　　The Chinese, however, made 但中國人努力改正英國人的誤

　　forts to correct for the errors that 差。

　　(25) had plagued the British. One source 誤差1：由于不同溫度壓力造成

　　of error is rraction, the bending of 的光折射。這會產生峰頂幻象。

　　light beams as they pass through air

　　layers of different temperature and

　　pressure. Because light traveling.

　　(30) down from a summit passes through

　　many such layers, a surveyor could

　　sight a mirage rather than the peak

　　itself. To reduce rraction errors, the 解決：1，減少通過經緯儀的光，

　　Chinese team carried in sea level to 2，使用天氣氣球測量溫度壓力。

　　(35) within five to twelve miles of Everest’s

　　summit, decreasing the amount of air

　　that light passed through on its way to

　　their theodolites. The Chinese also

　　launched weather balloons near their

　　(40) theodolites to measure atmospheric

　　temperature and pressure changes

　　to better estimate rraction errors.

　　Another hurdle is the peak’s shape. 誤差2：測量者們的測量點不同。

　　When surveyors sight the summit.

　　(45) there is a risk they might not all

　　measure the same point. In 1975

　　the Chinese installed the first survey 解決：安裝一個紅色燈塔。

　　beacon on Everest, a red rlector

　　visible through a theodolite for ten

　　(50) miles, as a rerence point. One 誤差3：海平面不平。

　　more source of error is the uneven-

　　ness of sea level. The British

　　assumed that carrying in sea level

　　would extend an imaginary line from

　　(55) the shore along Earth’s curve to a

　　point beneath the Himalaya. In

　　reality, sea level varies according

　　to the irregular interior of the planet.

　　The Chinese used a gravity meter to 解決：用重力計改正誤差。

　　correct for local deviations in sea level.

　　----------------------------------------------------------------

　　Q32:It can be inferred from the passage thatrraction would be most likely to cause errors in measurements of a mountain’selevation under which of the followingconditions?

　　A.When there are local variations in sealevel

　　B.When light passes through humid air

　　C.When theodolites are used relatively farfrom the mountain peak.

　　D.When weather balloons indicate low airtemperature and pressure.

　　E.When sea level has been carried in to within five to twelve miles of the summit.

　　------------------------------------------------------------------

　　Q33: Which of the following best describes thepurpose of the sentence in lines 23-25(“The Chinese…the British”)?

　　A.Introduce a dinition

　　B.Signal a transition in focus

　　C.Summarize the preceding paragraph

　　D.Draw a contrast between two different theories.

　　E.Present information that contradicts the preceding paragraph.

　　-----------------------------------------------------------------Q34: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible source of error in surveying mountain elevation?

　　A.Mirages

　　B.Rraction

　　C.Inaccurate instruments

　　D.Variations in sea level

　　E.Uncertainty about the exact point to bemeasured

　　---------------------------------------------------------------

　　Q35: The primary purpose of the passage is to

　　A.provide details about improvements to a process

　　B.challenge the assumptions underlying anew method

　　C.criticize the way in which a failed projectwas carried out

　　D.call for new methods to solve an existing problem

　　E.explain the theory behind a new technique

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