【雙語閱讀】西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn).

　　內(nèi)容簡介：西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn)以及殖民軍首領(lǐng)弗朗西斯科?佛朗哥取得勝利后的強(qiáng)力鎮(zhèn)壓是一次特別野蠻的沖突。 但是在保羅·普雷斯頓(Paul Preston)最新著作中將其描述成大屠殺有些過于牽強(qiáng)。 這本書去年在西班牙發(fā)行的時候頗具煽動性的題目令人驚奇，但是相比于納粹大屠殺的程度，這個國家的恐怖行動仍顯得蒼白暗淡。

　　Books and Arts; The Spanish civil war;Never forget;

　　The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. By Paul Preston.

　　The Spanish civil war and its repressive aftermath, following the victory of General Francisco Franco, was a particularly savage conflict. But it is far-fetched to describe it as a holocaust, as Paul Preston does in his latest book. His provocative title raised eyebrows when it was published in Spain last year, as the country&aposs horrors still pale in comparison with the magnitude of the Nazi Holocaust. Mr Preston, an emeritus professor at the London School of Economics and leading historian of 20th-century Spain, contends that no other word aptly conveys the whole of the Spanish tragedy, which included a strain of anti-Semitism. Thankfully he exercises better judgment within the covers of this meticulous and well-argued book.

　　Mr Preston puts the number of those who died in battle at 200,000, after Nationalist military rebels rose against the democratically elected Republican government in 1936. He counts an additional 150,000 murders by the right-wing Nationalists—plus 20,000 more after the civil war ended in 1939—and a further 50,000 killings in areas held by Republicans.

　　The book is largely based on secondary sources. Victims in the Republican zone were documented by the state investigation set up in 1940. But the sheer scale of the atrocities committed on the other side have come to light only recently, in a flood of books and exhumations of mass graves. A proper reckoning of the war had been avoided by the generation of politicians who followed Franco&aposs death in 1975, to smooth the transition to democracy. Yet the past decade has seen various groups, often led by the relatives of Republican victims, unearthing the past—often literally.

　　In a recent trial in Madrid against Baltasar Garzón, Spain&aposs most famous magistrate, relatives of slain victims aired their stories for the first time. Mr Garzón was charged with abusing his powers by calling an investigation into the deaths of 114,000 people under Franco&aposs dictatorship, despite a 1977 amnesty law. He was ultimately absolved of this charge, but in another case last month the conservative judiciary barred Mr Garzón from the bench for 11 years, thus ending his career.

　　Mr Preston does not hide his loathing of the rebels and empathy for the lt. He argues with impressive detail that the repression by the Nationalists was largely planned and institutionalised, whereas the Republicans&apos violence was more spontaneous and mainly in dence against the better armed and trained Francoist forces. Other scholars say that this view is too simplistic. The author is on new and firmer ground in his examination of the role played by the NKVD, the Soviet secret police, particularly in the massacre of hundreds of Franco supporters at Paracuellos in 1936. Santiago Carrillo, a communist leader at the time and the only war protagonist alive today, has always claimed he had nothing to do with the killings, and has never been charged. Yet Mr Preston argues otherwise, citing his ties with Josif Grigulevich, a sinister NKVD agent.

　　“The Spanish Holocaust” is a compelling chronicle of a grim time in history. It would be a pity if the book&aposs dubious title discouraged a wider readership.

　　【中文對照翻譯】

　　文藝;西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn);銘記于心;

　　《西班牙大屠殺》：二十世紀(jì)西班牙的審與殺;保羅·普雷斯頓著;

　　西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn)以及殖民軍首領(lǐng)弗朗西斯科?佛朗哥取得勝利后的強(qiáng)力鎮(zhèn)壓是一次特別野蠻的沖突。 但是在保羅·普雷斯頓(Paul Preston)最新著作中將其描述成大屠殺有些過于牽強(qiáng)。 這本書去年在西班牙發(fā)行的時候頗具煽動性的題目令人驚奇，但是相比于納粹大屠殺的程度，這個國家的恐怖行動仍顯得蒼白暗淡。 保羅·普雷斯頓(Paul Preston)是倫敦經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院榮譽(yù)退休教授而且還是20世紀(jì)中葉西班牙歷史的權(quán)威學(xué)家，他認(rèn)為找不到一個更恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~來表達(dá)西班牙的整個悲劇，其中包括反猶太主義。 他之前的判斷(說反猶主義)有誤，幸好這本書的內(nèi)容還算合情合理。

　　保羅·普雷斯頓指出，民族主義軍事反政府武裝在1936年發(fā)動了針對選舉的軍事叛亂，戰(zhàn)場上死亡的人數(shù)達(dá)到了20萬。 保羅·普雷斯頓統(tǒng)計于右翼民族黨殘殺的15萬人(附加上了1939年內(nèi)戰(zhàn)后死的2萬多人)和共和黨殺害的另外5萬人。

　　這本書的素材來源很大程度上是二手的。 共和黨區(qū)的受害者信息記載于1940年建立的國家調(diào)查組的文獻(xiàn)中。 但是在另一邊(右翼民族黨區(qū))大規(guī)模的殘暴罪行最近才得以顯露，這得益于大量的書籍以及大量墓地的開掘。 1975年佛朗哥死后的一代政治家回避了這場戰(zhàn)爭的評論，為了國家順利過渡到民主主義社會。 然而，近十年我們可以看到各種共和黨受害者的家屬組成的團(tuán)體時常揭露事實真相。

　　在馬德里最近的一次針對西班牙最有名的法官巴爾塔薩·加爾松的審判中，內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中受害者的親屬第一次講述了他們受害人的故事。 加爾松被控告不顧1977年的大赦律法，濫用私權(quán)號召一個關(guān)于佛朗哥的獨裁統(tǒng)治下那11.4萬人的死亡情況的調(diào)查。 他最后還是在這次控告中得到了赦免，但是上個月的另一個案子中，保守的司法禁止法官加爾松11年內(nèi)不得再入法官席，因此就這樣結(jié)束了他的職業(yè)生涯。

　　保羅·普雷斯頓一書中并沒有回避他對叛亂分子的厭惡和對左翼共和黨的同情。 保羅·普雷斯頓以令人印象深刻的細(xì)節(jié)描述有利論證了民族黨派的鎮(zhèn)壓很大程度上是有計劃且被制度化的，然而，共和黨的暴力更多是自發(fā)地出于抵御先進(jìn)的武器裝備和佛朗哥特訓(xùn)過的部隊。 其他學(xué)者稱這樣的評論過于簡單化了。 本書作者在新的領(lǐng)域里審查蘇聯(lián)秘密警察組織(NKVD)所扮演的角色，尤其是1936年，在馬德里Paracuellos在內(nèi)務(wù)部的摻和下，共和派對佛朗哥同情者的鎮(zhèn)壓。 圣地亞哥·卡里略是當(dāng)時的一位共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)袖，如今唯一活著的戰(zhàn)爭領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，現(xiàn)總是聲稱他與屠殺無關(guān)，從來也沒有被控罪。 然而保羅·普雷斯頓認(rèn)為他和那個NKVD內(nèi)務(wù)部特工有聯(lián)系。

　　《The Spanish Holocaust》是一本令人信服的殘酷編年史。 如果這本書可疑的書名使得廣泛地讀者群沮喪的話那真是個遺憾。

　　內(nèi)容簡介：西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn)以及殖民軍首領(lǐng)弗朗西斯科?佛朗哥取得勝利后的強(qiáng)力鎮(zhèn)壓是一次特別野蠻的沖突。 但是在保羅·普雷斯頓(Paul Preston)最新著作中將其描述成大屠殺有些過于牽強(qiáng)。 這本書去年在西班牙發(fā)行的時候頗具煽動性的題目令人驚奇，但是相比于納粹大屠殺的程度，這個國家的恐怖行動仍顯得蒼白暗淡。

　　Books and Arts; The Spanish civil war;Never forget;

　　The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. By Paul Preston.

　　The Spanish civil war and its repressive aftermath, following the victory of General Francisco Franco, was a particularly savage conflict. But it is far-fetched to describe it as a holocaust, as Paul Preston does in his latest book. His provocative title raised eyebrows when it was published in Spain last year, as the country&aposs horrors still pale in comparison with the magnitude of the Nazi Holocaust. Mr Preston, an emeritus professor at the London School of Economics and leading historian of 20th-century Spain, contends that no other word aptly conveys the whole of the Spanish tragedy, which included a strain of anti-Semitism. Thankfully he exercises better judgment within the covers of this meticulous and well-argued book.

　　Mr Preston puts the number of those who died in battle at 200,000, after Nationalist military rebels rose against the democratically elected Republican government in 1936. He counts an additional 150,000 murders by the right-wing Nationalists—plus 20,000 more after the civil war ended in 1939—and a further 50,000 killings in areas held by Republicans.

　　The book is largely based on secondary sources. Victims in the Republican zone were documented by the state investigation set up in 1940. But the sheer scale of the atrocities committed on the other side have come to light only recently, in a flood of books and exhumations of mass graves. A proper reckoning of the war had been avoided by the generation of politicians who followed Franco&aposs death in 1975, to smooth the transition to democracy. Yet the past decade has seen various groups, often led by the relatives of Republican victims, unearthing the past—often literally.

　　In a recent trial in Madrid against Baltasar Garzón, Spain&aposs most famous magistrate, relatives of slain victims aired their stories for the first time. Mr Garzón was charged with abusing his powers by calling an investigation into the deaths of 114,000 people under Franco&aposs dictatorship, despite a 1977 amnesty law. He was ultimately absolved of this charge, but in another case last month the conservative judiciary barred Mr Garzón from the bench for 11 years, thus ending his career.

　　Mr Preston does not hide his loathing of the rebels and empathy for the lt. He argues with impressive detail that the repression by the Nationalists was largely planned and institutionalised, whereas the Republicans&apos violence was more spontaneous and mainly in dence against the better armed and trained Francoist forces. Other scholars say that this view is too simplistic. The author is on new and firmer ground in his examination of the role played by the NKVD, the Soviet secret police, particularly in the massacre of hundreds of Franco supporters at Paracuellos in 1936. Santiago Carrillo, a communist leader at the time and the only war protagonist alive today, has always claimed he had nothing to do with the killings, and has never been charged. Yet Mr Preston argues otherwise, citing his ties with Josif Grigulevich, a sinister NKVD agent.

　　“The Spanish Holocaust” is a compelling chronicle of a grim time in history. It would be a pity if the book&aposs dubious title discouraged a wider readership.

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