關(guān)閉

澳際學費在線支付平臺

北美英語考試的閱讀技巧

2015/07/30 08:58:48 澳際教育 編輯： 瀏覽次數(shù)：544 移動端
眾所周知大家對GRE、GMAT的閱讀理解，必須使用結(jié)構(gòu)化的巡讀法進行，效率高，收效高，因為GRE以及GMAT閱讀理解的規(guī)律性是非常強，同時我們閱讀是閱讀其文章的邏輯，因此是用邏輯思維操作邏輯閱讀，但是我們也要知道能做對閱讀題目的同時，我們也要通過每一篇GRE、GMAT閱讀文章來強化訓練自己實實在在的閱讀能力，例如：長難句的分析能力、詞匯的積累，寫作素材的積累、以及寫作結(jié)構(gòu)的掌握。可以說，每一篇GRE閱讀理解都是我們備考GRE、GMAT寫作的Issue部分的最好的素材庫以及范文展示，現(xiàn)在，我們拿GRE閱讀NO題的NO8-1這篇文章做一個示范，來說明一下除了我們做對每一個閱讀選擇題以外，我們應該從閱讀文章中獲得些什么資源，提煉一個文章的哪些“語言要素”有助于英語能力的提高、GRE/GMAT寫作能力的提高，而不只是應試閱讀能力的提高。
NO8-1，我們從“詞--句--篇章”來談談這篇文章。
原文：
Geologists have long known that the Earth‘s mantle is heterogeneous，but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved—is the mantle essentially layered or irregularly heterogeneous？The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system，whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle.Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths，argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” （elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. We believe，perhaps unimaginatively，that this debate can be resolved through further study，and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.
一、難詞
spatial：a.1.空間的，太空的；2.存在（或者發(fā)生）于宇宙空間的
plume：n.1.羽狀物2.柱，地柱
xenolith：俘虜巖
percolate:v.1.滲透2.擴散到，彌漫于
portions：n.一部分
二、難句
1.the best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system，whose source，mostgeologists contend，is the upper mantle.
對于地幔分層論點來說，最好的證據(jù)乃這樣一個確認的事實，即在那些海洋島嶼——這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來的地幔柱狀溶巖流（mantle plume）——上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學家論辯道，為上部地幔。
難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句前面的主干并不算難，即the evidence is the fact that，難就難在fact之后說明fact 的同位語從句。此從句中既有大段插入語，又有從句，較為難讀。同位語從句的主語是volcanic rocks，主語后面的found on oceanic islands是分詞修飾volcanic rocks的；islands后面又有一個說明islands的同位語islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，此同位語實際起到一個分隔主謂的同位語的作用。其后是謂語動詞are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system，whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle。
句中有一些專有詞匯。如果拋開文章不說，單看這一個句子，則句首的layered mantle thesis就難以理解。但是如果讀者能夠讀懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力證據(jù)就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle，這應該可以推測出，既然不同于上層地幔，則這個理論一定是在說地幔有不同的層面。
2. some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantlexenoliths，argue that the mantle isnot layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” （elements tending towardliquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transformingportions of the upper mantleirregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. （4+）
但是，某些地質(zhì)學家，以對地幔捕虜巖體（xenolith）所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。
難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句的主句中有一個長插入語however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths，割裂了主謂，但句子的主要難度還是在that引導的賓語從句中，從句中有由but 所連接的兩個句子，一起延續(xù)到句末。首選是rich in incompatible elements修飾fluids；后面又有一個同位語和一個分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，都是修飾incompatible elements的，最后還有一個狀語來修飾那個分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，層層修飾，比較復雜。
三、文章結(jié)構(gòu)
Ts是文章的第一句，因此這一篇短文章是結(jié)論解釋型。文章開始說出了地幔是heterogeneous，然后又指出了他的spatial arrangement remains unresolved，然后提出了兩種理論，一是layyered-mantle thesis，另外一個是irregularly heterogeneous.然后分別對這兩種理論進行describe.最后作者指出，We believe，perhaps unimaginatively，that this debate can be resolved through further study，and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.
?
快樂的生活是令人人都向往的，快樂的伴侶也是如此。下面的新托?？荚囬喿x練習材料會告訴我們，快樂的人為何更能吸引異性。
Singles who have trouble finding a date may be suffering from unresolved grief，which can block love，a US author suggests.
美國一名作家稱求偶受挫的單身人士可能苦悶憂慮、難以釋懷，而這些情愫會讓愛情避而遠之。
Aurora Winter，author of From Heartbreak to Happiness，says loneliness，disappointment and anger are all symptoms of grief and studies show most people suffer from unresolved grief.
《從心碎到幸?！返淖髡邭W若拉 文特稱孤獨、失望和憤懣都是苦悶心情的典型癥狀，而研究表明大部分人都有難以釋懷的經(jīng)歷。
“Divorce，death and disappointments can all hurt your chances of finding love -- without you knowing it. Unresolved grief blocks love. I can tell you from personal experience that no one wants to compete with a ghost，” Winter，who founded the Grief Coach Academy after the sudden death of her husband at age 33，says in a statement. “People who have lost a spouse to death frequently yearn for their late husband or wife.”
文特33歲時丈夫去世，隨后建立了悲痛援助學院，她在一份聲明中說：“離婚、死亡和失望等會不知不覺影響你找到新愛的幾率。無法釋懷的苦悶會將愛情關(guān)在門外。依我個人經(jīng)驗來看，沒有誰愿意和你過去的某人爭奪愛情。痛失伴侶的人往往對去世的一半念念不忘。”
It‘s a very small step between resenting one’s former partner and being bitter at the opposite sex in general -- including your date -- but to find love，it is absolutely essential that people heal unresolved grief from prior relationships，Winter advises.
人們總是易于因?qū)η叭涡膽言购薅诋愋悦媲般皭澔蚩瘫?，甚至約會時也這樣。然而文特建議，要找到愛情，就得對過去的感情完全釋懷。
“The most attractive people are genuinely happy，”Aurora says in a statement. “People want to be around happy people. Happy people get the best dates，the best jobs and the best opportunities.”
“Happiness is feeling good about the present and optimistic about the future，”Aurora says.
她在聲明中稱：“異性最青睞的就是真正快樂的人，喜歡和他們相處。開心的人總能找到最好的伴侶、工作和最佳的機會?？鞓肪褪钦嬲硎墁F(xiàn)在，樂觀對待未來。”
以上就是今天的托福閱讀材料，大家可以積累其中的高分詞匯及句型，并且練習提升閱讀速度，迅速找到托福閱讀的主題句和出題點。
　1、主題——增加背景知識
　　有部分學生反映做閱讀時很難投入進去，有一點原因就是對于文章所述內(nèi)容太過陌生，如果你對其略知一二，相信定會有所不同。比如TPO中有篇文章講到化學元素周期表，對于高中生來說再熟悉不過了，閱讀的時候半讀半猜，估計也可以理解的八九不離十了。
　　若考試準備時間充足，可以多加涉獵，擴充自己的知識背景;若時間緊張，則需搞定TPO套題。根據(jù)文章記憶單詞，并不是文章中出現(xiàn)的每一個“陌生的面孔”都要去熟悉，比如一些繁瑣的專有名詞跳過即可。主要記憶的當然是一些動詞、名詞及形容詞，尤其是出現(xiàn)在句子主干中，與解題有關(guān)的詞匯。
　　除了詞匯，應學會分析題干及題目，比如題干中出現(xiàn)了effect，conclusion之類的詞，其實已經(jīng)界定了我們尋找的范圍——段落靠后的部分，還有就是觀點性和總結(jié)性的句子永遠會是考察的重點所在。做題的時候?qū)W會分析原文和選項，進行對比，比如句子簡化題，做一題需要看五個長句，似乎很花費時間，但并不需要每個句子都要細看，而是先明確原句的邏輯及主干，抓住選項中的關(guān)鍵點與原句進行比較。
　　例如：As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.A. The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.B. The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.C. The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.D. As a result of crustal adjustments and faultin;g and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them。
　　原句是因果邏輯的句子，先找出其因：crustal adjustments and faulting，果：the Strait opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean。接著來看選項：A…. caused crustal adjustments and faulting 顯然是因果倒置了，毫不猶豫地滅掉;C. 因為此選項中出現(xiàn)比較not as spectacular as, 非常惹眼的一個核心詞，而原文中是修飾動詞的副詞spectacularly，并未進行比較，二話不說也排除掉;D. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar,… 這原因里怎么多出來一項啊，擄袖子攆人吧!
　　2、題型——注重解題方法
　　托福閱讀10種題型，除最后的小結(jié)題外大都屬于考查文章細節(jié)的題目。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞定位是至關(guān)重要的一步，然后就是理解。此時如果詞匯量太小怎么辦?事實上做閱讀我們永遠要牢記的就是找句子主干，考查的信息基本都在主干中體現(xiàn)了，
　　比如：
　　The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops。
　　這個句子較長，其中有which引導的定語從句，還有hunted… 這個狀語，而解題時我們只需要句子的主干The deer were gone。多數(shù)同學在做題時有個習慣就是看到一句話后就開始逐詞閱讀，甚至試圖把它翻譯成中文，這可謂“兵家大忌”。
　　遇到一句話先抓主干，遇到整段記得掃描段落有無顯眼的連詞，舉例信號詞等，瀏覽每段的主題句。
　　再說一下小結(jié)題，大多數(shù)考生的切膚之痛。一是做到最后一題時時間已所剩無幾，二是最后一題是對全文的主要內(nèi)容的總結(jié)，相對復雜。
　　在課堂中，我一再向?qū)W生強調(diào)把握全文結(jié)構(gòu)及大意的重要性，而如何去把握?
　　一是做題之前可大概瀏覽文章的標題及每段首句。作為學術(shù)性的閱讀文章，首句基本都是主題句。尤其是總分結(jié)構(gòu)的文章，比如TPO6中的Infantile Amnesia, 雖然文章較難理解，但是文中明確提出了三種觀點first，second，third… 那么此類文章小結(jié)題的選項太顯而易見了。再者，文章的每段會對應出2-3道題，那么題目中對應的部分基本都是段落的核心所在。從這兩點就可以很快了解文章的主要內(nèi)容。所以在進行TPO練習時，做題雖不可或缺，但還要注意多加練習快速閱讀文章的
Is Learning to Code More Popular Than Learning a Foreign Language?
這年頭，學寫代碼比學外語更流行？
There was a time when people used to go to night classes or buy DIY guides to learn foreign languages in their spare time. But the New York Times is to have us believe that French and Spanish are out of the window, to be replaced by Python and Java.
曾幾何時，人們都涌進夜校或是購買自學教材，利用空閑時間學習外語。但《紐約時報》的報道卻讓我們相信，曾經(jīng)很多人癡迷的法語和西班牙語已經(jīng)不再受重視，現(xiàn)在好學人士的首選已經(jīng)變成了計算機編程語言Python 和Java。
It's an interesting concept. There's certainly no denying the fact that as a nation we're becoming more tech savvy—you only need to look around a coffee shop to tell you that—and with that is bound to come an increased shift to learning how to make devices work better. From the New York Times:
這是一個非常有趣的觀點。無可否認，在美國這樣的科技大國，越來越多的人變成科技通，只要環(huán)顧咖啡店四周你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)我所言非虛。越來越多的人使用電子設備，人們也必然要學習更多的程序知識讓自己的設備更好用。以下內(nèi)容摘自《紐約時報》：
"Parlez-vous Python? What about Rails or JavaScript? Foreign languages tend to wax and wane in popularity, but the language du jour is computer code.
你會Python代碼嗎？還有Rails 源代碼和JavaScript代碼？外語學習的人氣似乎有所減弱，現(xiàn)在正當紅的語言是計算機代碼。
"The market for night classes and online instruction in programming and Web construction, as well as for iPhone apps that teach, is booming. Those jumping on board say they are preparing for a future in which the Internet is the foundation for entertainment, education and nearly everything else. Knowing how the digital pieces fit together, they say, will be crucial to ensuring that they are not left in the dark ages."
學習編程和網(wǎng)站建設的夜校和在線培訓市場蓬勃發(fā)展，當然還有蘋果應用程序開發(fā)。學員們都表示打好基礎才能迎接這樣的程序未來：互聯(lián)網(wǎng)將成為娛樂、教育和其他一切領域的基礎。他們表示，了解數(shù)位是如何組裝在一起的很關(guān)鍵，這樣才能確保他們不會被最新的科技拋棄在黑暗時代。
But is it really crucial to be able to code? Many content producers use technology virtually every waking hour of their life, and they don't know a variable from an identifier, or an integer from a string. Personally, I'm conflicted: I have a technical background, but for most people I just don't see how being able to compile code is going to prove useful.
?
　　1.考試采取早簽早考原則，所以對于害怕聽力部分受到別人影響的同學盡量早到考場排隊，早點開考。不過如果過早的話，就很難在廁所偷聽口語題了。
　　2.一進考場在閱讀之前就要調(diào)試話筒。捕獲晚來的同學在其他同學開考閱讀的時候調(diào)試話筒，會有些影響，一定要集中注意力;
　　3.每個人開始的時間不一樣，所以具體休息的時間不一樣，具體休息時間是在聽力結(jié)束以后。
　　4.休息的時候就要纏住監(jiān)考老師，因為上廁所原則上要求一個人回來，下一個人才能去，所以纏住老師為了讓他會記住你，這樣就會讓你先出去，否則要等很長時間；
　　5.雖然每個人開始的時間不一樣，但是各部分可以答題的時間是固定的，不要跨去做題，順序是閱讀、聽力、口語、作文；
　　6.寫完作文之后問你是否提交本次成績，不要點錯，否則就白考了。
　　7.中間根本沒有時間吃東西，考試之前要吃飽?？枷聛砗芾郏咏撁摖顟B(tài)。
　　
?

相關(guān)留學熱詞

  • 澳際QQ群：610247479
  • 澳際QQ群：445186879
  • 澳際QQ群：414525537

留學自測