SAT語法要點之動詞主謂一致.

　　II. 主謂一致(subject-verb agreement)

　　“一致”是指句中各個部分之間在人稱、數(shù)、性等方面保持的協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)系。在英語中最主要的一致關(guān)系是主語與謂語之間的數(shù)量一致：謂語動詞的數(shù)量必須和主語的人稱和數(shù)量一致，這就叫主謂一致。

　　主謂一致的問題看上去很簡單，其實使用起來卻不是那么容易，有時候甚至很復雜。這是因為在不同情況下，處理這一問題所依據(jù)的原則各不相同。一般要遵循下列三個原則：語法一致、意義一致和就近一致(見附錄2);“語法一致”也就是平常說的從語法形式上取得一致，即主語為單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞也采用單數(shù)形式;主語為復數(shù)形式，謂語動詞亦為復數(shù)形式?！耙饬x一致”就是從意義著眼來處理主謂語一致問題。有時，主語形式為單數(shù)，但意義為復數(shù)，謂語動詞依意義而定，也采用復數(shù)形式;“就近一致”是指謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)往往和其最近的主語保持一致。在SAT語法考題中，通常會有以下四種常見考察方式：

　　主謂一致考點小結(jié)

　　→主語核心名詞+修飾結(jié)構(gòu)/插入語+謂語動詞

　　→倒裝句中的主謂一致

　　→定語從句中的主謂一致

　　→n. of n.做主語結(jié)構(gòu)

　　一、考點關(guān)注

　　1. 主語核心名詞+修飾結(jié)構(gòu)/插入語+謂語動詞

　　主謂一致的基本解題思路是找出句子的主語和謂語，保證它們的數(shù)量一致，所以相關(guān)考題就千方百計地隱藏主語和謂語，加大句子的復雜程度，使得這一判斷過程變得異常艱難。其中最常見的混淆方法就是在主語和謂語之間放入很長的修飾結(jié)構(gòu)或插入語。

　　請閱讀以下例句，找出其中主謂一致的錯誤。

　　例句1：Yangtze River the old stone bridge the Red Army the Communist Party has been leading for years constructed in order to escape the enclosure of its enemies have been bestriding until today still flow eastwards.

　　例句1是一個非常復雜的句子，結(jié)構(gòu)十分混亂，只有認清其真正的主謂才能找到問題所在。分析句子，應首先從謂語動詞出發(fā)：該句中有四個謂語動詞：has been leading for years, constructed in order to escape the enclosure of its enemies, have been bestriding until today和still flow eastwards;然后從意義角度找到它們對應的主語(動作發(fā)出者)：the Communist Party, the Red Army, the old stone bridge和Yangtze River，這時就可以判斷主謂一致了。我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)the old stone bridge have been bestriding until today句中的主謂一致是錯誤的(主語單數(shù)，謂語復數(shù));Yangtze River still flow eastwards句中的主謂一致也是同類錯誤。相似問題同樣出現(xiàn)在例句2中，

　　請閱讀以下例句，找出其中主謂一致的錯誤。

　　例句2：The rat the cat the dog chases goes after run smartly.

　　該句形式和例句1基本相同，也非常奇怪，但句子結(jié)構(gòu)完全沒有問題，只不過是由兩個定語從句疊加在一起都成的，The rat the cat goes after run smartly與the cat the dog chases goes after，所以此類主謂一致問題可以歸納為以下形式：主語核心名詞+修飾結(jié)構(gòu)/插入語+謂語動詞。

　　2. 倒裝句中的主謂一致

　　主謂一致的第二種考察形式是倒裝句。英語句子的自然順序是主語在前，謂語在后(主語+謂語)。把謂語動詞放在主語之前(謂語+主語)，就叫倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果全部謂語放在主語之前，稱為全部倒裝;如果只把助動詞或be 動詞放在主語之前就稱為部分倒裝。為什么會出現(xiàn)倒裝句呢?以下是倒裝句與正常語序表達的對比，請體會：

　　The men’s 110 hurdles come now.

　　The athletes rush out.

　　They jump up.

　　Liu Xiang runs so fast that he breaks the world record.

　　We shall never forget the fantastic moment.

　　Now come the men’s 110 hurdles.

　　Out rush the athletes.

　　Up they jump.

　　So fast does Liu Xiang run that he breaks the world record.

　　Never shall we forget the fantastic moment.

　　英語中倒裝句形式多種多樣，在SAT語法考題中常見的有以下幾種：

　　1) 完全倒裝

　?、?There be結(jié)構(gòu)。另外,在此結(jié)構(gòu)中可以用來代替be動詞的動詞有:exist, seem, happen, appear, live, rise, stand等。

　　如：There exist different points of view on this issue.

　?、?方位狀語在句首，即表示地點的介詞詞組(如along the river, nearby the hotel, under the tree, between the two mountains等)在句首時。

　　如：At the foot of the hill run two runs.

　?、?分詞(過去分詞/現(xiàn)在分詞) 放句首+ be + 主語

　　如：Running at the head of the troop were the lieutenant and the general.

　　Gone are the days when workers, like slaves, were looked down upon.

　　④ 形容詞表語放在句首，adj. + be + 主語

　　如：Absent from the class are John and Jack.

　　Plato is dear to me, but dearer still is truth. (我愛我?guī)煟腋鼝壅胬?

　　2) 部分倒裝

　?、?句首狀語為否定詞或半否定詞的句子，包括never, neither, nor, little, seldom(很少，不常), rarely(很少，罕有), hardly, scarcely(幾乎不，簡直沒有), no sooner(立即), not only, in no way(決不), at no time, few等

　　如：Little does he care about what I said.

　　No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than his wife called him back.

　?、?only +狀語或狀語從句放在句首，要部分倒裝。

　　如：Only when World War II was over were all the soldiers able to get happily back home.

　　Only by military means is it possible to settle the dispute of Huangyan Island.

　?、?so或so引導的短語放在句首，要部分倒裝。

　　如：So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.

　　④ 重復倒裝句型，用在以so, nor, neither開頭，表示謂語所述的情況也適用于另一個人或一事物的肯定或否定句中。so用于肯定句，表示“也一樣”、“也這樣”;nor, neither用于否定句，表示“同樣也不，也不這樣”。

　　如：I am watching TV. So is she.

　　3. 定語從句中的主謂一致

　　主謂一致的第三種考察形式是定語從句。請看下面例句，找出其中主謂一致的錯誤。

　　例句3：Apple company has released its latest product, iPhone 4S, which, compared with the old version, have nothing worth mentioning.

　　定語從句的謂語部分have nothing worth mentioning應該用第三人稱單數(shù)has，還是用have取決于該定語從句的先行詞，即修飾對象its latest product, iPhone 4S，而不是關(guān)系代詞which。明確地講，定語從句中的動詞在人稱和數(shù)方面應該與它的先行詞保持一致。再如，

　　請看下面例句，找出其中主謂一致的錯誤。

　　例句4：Anyone who have questions to ask, please come to my office this afternoon.

　　如果定語從句的先行詞為one of + 復數(shù)名詞，在非正式的英語口語中，有時甚至在一些很正規(guī)的文體中，動詞的數(shù)不是與先行詞保持一致，而是與one相一致，這是因為說話者或?qū)懽髡呤紫认氲降氖莖ne，而不是one后面真正的先行詞。

　　如： Buenos Aires is one of the world capitals that is noted for its busy harbor.

　　該句中的is不能改成are，因為用are就意味著世界上所有國家的首都都以海港熱鬧而出名，不符合實際，而且后面的代詞its busy harbor用的是its，所以只能用單數(shù)動詞is。

　　另外，當one前面有the only, the most等限定詞和修飾語時，定語從句的謂語動詞也要與 one保持一致而取單數(shù)形式。

　　如：He is the only one of those engineers who is capable of designing such a gigantesque project.

　　4. n. of n.做主語結(jié)構(gòu)

　　最后，n. of n.結(jié)構(gòu)做主語也會對判斷主謂一致造成障礙，該結(jié)構(gòu)的真正主語是介詞of之前的名詞(n.)，判斷主謂一致，必須根據(jù)該名詞的單復數(shù)來判斷;請閱讀以下例句，找出其中主謂一致的錯誤。

　　例句5：The list of words and phrases cover most of SAT difficult vocabulary.

　　該句中The list of words and phrases中心詞為the list，在判斷主謂一致時，也應該以the list為主語判斷，所以cover應該改為cover，第三人稱單數(shù)。

　　以上四種形式是SAT語法題中主謂一致的?？碱愋?，在做題時一定對號入座。

　　二、真題再現(xiàn)

　　1. The development of cameras so small that they can be swallowed by patients have made diagnosing certain diseases much easier.

　　(A) have made diagnosing certain diseases much easier.

　　(B) has made it much more easier to diagnose certain diseases.

　　(C) has made certain diseases much easier to diagnose

　　(D) make diagnosing certain diseases much easier

　　(E) are making it much easier to diagnose certain diseases

　　解析：主語是The development of cameras, 即n. of n. 結(jié)構(gòu)，所以謂語動詞have made應該用第三人稱單數(shù)形式has made.(提示：more easier不符合比較級的表達要求。)

　　2. Thanks to (A) the strength of (B) the bonds between its (C) constituent carbon atoms, a diamond has exceptional physical properties that makes (D) it usul in a wide variety of industrial applications. No error (E)

　　解析：該題考察的是定語從句中的主謂一致。(提示：定語從句that makes it usul的謂語動詞makes應該與先行詞保持人稱與數(shù)量上的一致，而先行詞是exceptional physical properties，所以謂語動詞makes，應該用復數(shù)形式，即原形make。)

　　3. Endangered for (A) decades by hunting (B) and the use of pesticides, the bald eagle, with its (C) snowy-feathered head and white tail, are now (D) making a comeback. No error (E)

　　解析：該題考察的是主語核心名詞+修飾結(jié)構(gòu)/插入語+謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)。(提示：主語應該是the bald eagle，謂語動詞是are now making。)

　　4. Above the beautiful white-sand beach runs (A) two rivers that eventually (B) combine to form (C) a waterfall cascading (D) to the sand. No error (E)

　　解析：該題考察的是倒裝句。(提示：方位狀語在句首，即表示地點的介詞詞組Above the beautiful white-sand beach在句首，主謂應全倒裝，謂語動詞是runs，主語是two rivers，所以主謂不一致。)

　　5. Absent from (A) the speech were (B) any mention of the students and laboratory technicians upon whose (C) contributions the chemist had depended heavily (D). No error (E)

　　解析：該題考察的是倒裝句。(提示：形容詞短語做表語放在句首，即Absent from the speech在句首，主謂應全倒裝，謂語動詞是were，主語是any mention of the students and laboratory technicians，即n. of n. 結(jié)構(gòu)。)

　　6. Never bore had (A) a group of artists been so isolated (B) from society and from (C) official patronage as was (D) the so-called Impressionists. No error (E)

　　解析：該題考察的是倒裝句。(提示：該句中有兩個倒裝句：第一個句首狀語為否定詞短語Never bore，主謂部分倒裝，主語為a group of artists，謂語為had been;第二個比較結(jié)構(gòu)so isolated…as，主語the so-called Impressionists與助動詞was產(chǎn)生了倒裝(見Chapter 4 比較結(jié)構(gòu)))

　　7. This film has earned (A) more money (B) from ticket sales than have (C) its closest (D) competitor for the Best Documentary Feature Film Award. No error (E)

　　解析：該題考察的是倒裝句。(提示：比較結(jié)構(gòu)more…than…后主語與助動詞倒裝，主語為its closest competitor，所以謂語動詞have應為第三人稱單數(shù)。)

　　8. The museum’s latest exhibition, featuring (A) the works of several relatively young (B) artists, have been (C) praised in reviews by (D) influential art critics. No error (E)

　　解析：該題考察的是主語核心名詞+修飾結(jié)構(gòu)/插入語+謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)。(提示：主語應該是The museum’s latest exhibition，謂語動詞是have been。)

　　9. Across the southern surface of the Moon’s far side sprawls an asteroid-impact crater, 1.600 miles wide and 8 miles deep, called the Aitken Basin.

　　(A) sprawls an asteroid-impact crater,

　　(B) side there sprawls an asteroid-impact crater, it is

　　(C) side, a sprawling asteroid-impact crater,

　　(D) side, an asteroid-impact crater that sprawls

　　(E) side, sprawl an asteroid-impact crater,

　　解析：該題考察的是倒裝句。(提示：方位狀語在句首，即表示地點的介詞詞組Across the southern surface of the Moon’s far side在句首，主謂應全倒裝，謂語動詞是sprawls，主語是an asteroid-impact crater。)

　　10. The historic Woodacre building, which house (A) several university departments, was demolished to make (B) room for (C) a parking lot, dismaying alumni who had supported (D) the university for decades. No error (E)

　　解析：該題考察的是定語從句中的主謂一致。(提示：定語從句which house several university departments的謂語動詞house (給...房子住; 給...房子用)應該與先行詞保持人稱與數(shù)量上的一致，先行詞是The historic Woodacre building。)

　　三、難點聚焦

　　主謂一致是SAT語法考題的基礎(chǔ)，一般都屬于easy level，但是對中國學生而言也會出現(xiàn)比較難的題目：倒裝句。一般形式的倒裝句比較簡單，然而如果與復合句或并列句進行交叉，難點就會增大。

　　例句6：Observing from the helicopter, the guide finally found the path and informed the travelers linking the sides of the gorges were a suspension bridge built a hundred years earlier by local farmers seeking to expedite travel between their fields to the marketplace.

　　例句6是一個典型的長難句，主句為the guide finally found the path and informed the travelers，后面的部分是inform的賓語從句(linking the sides of the gorges were a suspension bridge built a hundred years earlier by local farmers seeking to expedite travel between their fields to the marketplace)，該賓語從句以現(xiàn)在分詞短語放句首，后用be動詞were，再加上后面的主語a suspension bridge，典型的倒裝句結(jié)構(gòu)，問題在于主謂不一致。

　　類似這樣的句子如果在考試中出現(xiàn)，考察的更多的是對長難句的結(jié)構(gòu)分析能力。

　　例句7：Air pollution caused by industrial fumes has been studied for years, but only recently has the harmful fects of noise pollution become known.

　　例句7是由but連接的并列句，后句中以only修飾時間狀語recently放句首，要求主謂半倒裝，助動詞has出現(xiàn)在主語the harmful fects of noise pollution之前，正常的語序應為the harmful fects of noise pollution has become known.主語是n. of n.結(jié)構(gòu)，所以主謂一致錯誤，has應改為have.

　　四、難題透析

　　1. Langston Hughes may be best known for (A) his poetry, but (B) included among (C) his many published works are (D) a sizable collection of short stories. No error (E)

　　解析：該題考察的是倒裝句。(提示：由but連接的并列句，后半部分以included among his many published works開頭，形成倒裝，主語為a sizable collection of short stories.)

　　2. Linking the sides of the gorge was (A) a suspension bridge built (B) a hundred years earlier (C) by local farmers seeking to expedite travel between their fields to (D) the marketplace. No error (E)

　　解析：該題考察的是倒裝句。(提示：以linking the sides of the gorge現(xiàn)在分詞開頭形成倒裝，主語為a suspension bridge.)

　　3. Often cited by (A) the media is (B) the right to (C) freedom of speech and the claim that the public wants to know what celebrities do in their (D) off-time. No error (E)

　　解析：該題考察的是倒裝句。(提示：以O(shè)ften cited by the media過去分詞開頭形成倒裝，主語為the right and the claim.)

　　4. Cryonics — the technique used to store human bodies at extremely low temperatures with the hope of one day reviving them — are being performed today, but their technology is still in its infancy.

　　(A) are being performed today, but their technology

　　(B) are being performed today, while the technology

　　(C) which is being performed today, using technology that

　　(D) is being performed today, but their technology

　　(E) is being performed today, but the technology

　　解析：該題考察的是對科技術(shù)語的認識。(提示：Cryonics：(單復同)人體冷凍)

　　5. On the shelf (A) in the garage are (B) a collection of tools freely available (C) to any woodworkers who desire to (D) add details to their creations. No error (E)

　　解析：該題考察的是倒裝句與n. of n.。(提示：以方位介詞放句首，形成倒裝，主語是a collection of books)

　　II. 主謂一致(subject-verb agreement)

　　“一致”是指句中各個部分之間在人稱、數(shù)、性等方面保持的協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)系。在英語中最主要的一致關(guān)系是主語與謂語之間的數(shù)量一致：謂語動詞的數(shù)量必須和主語的人稱和數(shù)量一致，這就叫主謂一致。

　　主謂一致的問題看上去很簡單，其實使用起來卻不是那么容易，有時候甚至很復雜。這是因為在不同情況下，處理這一問題所依據(jù)的原則各不相同。一般要遵循下列三個原則：語法一致、意義一致和就近一致(見附錄2);“語法一致”也就是平常說的從語法形式上取得一致，即主語為單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞也采用單數(shù)形式;主語為復數(shù)形式，謂語動詞亦為復數(shù)形式。“意義一致”就是從意義著眼來處理主謂語一致問題。有時，主語形式為單數(shù)，但意義為復數(shù)，謂語動詞依意義而定，也采用復數(shù)形式;“就近一致”是指謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)往往和其最近的主語保持一致。在SAT語法考題中，通常會有以下四種常見考察方式：

　　主謂一致考點小結(jié)

　　→主語核心名詞+修飾結(jié)構(gòu)/插入語+謂語動詞

　　→倒裝句中的主謂一致

　　→定語從句中的主謂一致

　　→n. of n.做主語結(jié)構(gòu)

　　一、考點關(guān)注

　　1. 主語核心名詞+修飾結(jié)構(gòu)/插入語+謂語動詞

　　主謂一致的基本解題思路是找出句子的主語和謂語，保證它們的數(shù)量一致，所以相關(guān)考題就千方百計地隱藏主語和謂語，加大句子的復雜程度，使得這一判斷過程變得異常艱難。其中最常見的混淆方法就是在主語和謂語之間放入很長的修飾結(jié)構(gòu)或插入語。

　　請閱讀以下例句，找出其中主謂一致的錯誤。

　　例句1：Yangtze River the old stone bridge the Red Army the Communist Party has been leading for years constructed in order to escape the enclosure of its enemies have been bestriding until today still flow eastwards.

　　例句1是一個非常復雜的句子，結(jié)構(gòu)十分混亂，只有認清其真正的主謂才能找到問題所在。分析句子，應首先從謂語動詞出發(fā)：該句中有四個謂語動詞：has been leading for years, constructed in order to escape the enclosure of its enemies, have been bestriding until today和still flow eastwards;然后從意義角度找到它們對應的主語(動作發(fā)出者)：the Communist Party, the Red Army, the old stone bridge和Yangtze River，這時就可以判斷主謂一致了。我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)the old stone bridge have been bestriding until today句中的主謂一致是錯誤的(主語單數(shù)，謂語復數(shù));Yangtze River still flow eastwards句中的主謂一致也是同類錯誤。相似問題同樣出現(xiàn)在例句2中，

　　請閱讀以下例句，找出其中主謂一致的錯誤。

　　例句2：The rat the cat the dog chases goes after run smartly.

　　該句形式和例句1基本相同，也非常奇怪，但句子結(jié)構(gòu)完全沒有問題，只不過是由兩個定語從句疊加在一起都成的，The rat the cat goes after run smartly與the cat the dog chases goes after，所以此類主謂一致問題可以歸納為以下形式：主語核心名詞+修飾結(jié)構(gòu)/插入語+謂語動詞。

　　2. 倒裝句中的主謂一致

　　主謂一致的第二種考察形式是倒裝句。英語句子的自然順序是主語在前，謂語在后(主語+謂語)。把謂語動詞放在主語之前(謂語+主語)，就叫倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果全部謂語放在主語之前，稱為全部倒裝;如果只把助動詞或be 動詞放在主語之前就稱為部分倒裝。為什么會出現(xiàn)倒裝句呢?以下是倒裝句與正常語序表達的對比，請體會：

　　The men’s 110 hurdles come now.

　　The athletes rush out.

　　They jump up.

　　Liu Xiang runs so fast that he breaks the world record.

　　We shall never forget the fantastic moment.

　　Now come the men’s 110 hurdles.

　　Out rush the athletes.

　　Up they jump.

　　So fast does Liu Xiang run that he breaks the world record.

　　Never shall we forget the fantastic moment.

　　英語中倒裝句形式多種多樣，在SAT語法考題中常見的有以下幾種：

　　1) 完全倒裝

　?、?There be結(jié)構(gòu)。另外,在此結(jié)構(gòu)中可以用來代替be動詞的動詞有:exist, seem, happen, appear, live, rise, stand等。

　　如：There exist different points of view on this issue.

　?、?方位狀語在句首，即表示地點的介詞詞組(如along the river, nearby the hotel, under the tree, between the two mountains等)在句首時。

　　如：At the foot of the hill run two runs.

　?、?分詞(過去分詞/現(xiàn)在分詞) 放句首+ be + 主語

　　如：Running at the head of the troop were the lieutenant and the general.

　　Gone are the days when workers, like slaves, were looked down upon.

　?、?形容詞表語放在句首，adj. + be + 主語

　　如：Absent from the class are John and Jack.

　　Plato is dear to me, but dearer still is truth. (我愛我?guī)?，但我更愛真? 上12345下

共5頁