SAT語法要點(diǎn)之平行結(jié)構(gòu).

　　在SAT語法中所謂平行結(jié)構(gòu)(parallelism)，就是把一個(gè)句子邏輯上應(yīng)屬于同一句法成分的并列事物用相同的結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)。平行結(jié)構(gòu)是一種修辭手法，它要求處于并列關(guān)系的句子與句子之間，句子內(nèi)部并列的成分之間采取同類語法形式來表達(dá)同類概念，以達(dá)到明晰句意、節(jié)省用詞、加強(qiáng)語氣、增加韻律的修辭效果，而且能起篇章紐帶作用。掌握這一語言現(xiàn)象，不僅有利于搞清句子之間的關(guān)系，也有利于學(xué)習(xí)者寫出流暢的英文句子，從而為寫作水平的提高打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。在SAT語法題中，只要形成平行結(jié)構(gòu)的選項(xiàng)，在語法上都是最佳的。

　　平行結(jié)構(gòu)考點(diǎn)小結(jié)

　　→相關(guān)式連接詞構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)

　　→單一式連接詞構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)

　　→句子的平行

　　一、考點(diǎn)詳解

　　1. 相關(guān)式連接詞構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)

　　相關(guān)式連接詞構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單，要點(diǎn)就是掌握牢在SAT中常見的相關(guān)式并列連詞，如both...and…, not...but…, either...or…, neither...nor…, from...to…, from...until…, between...and…, not only...but (also)…, combine…with…, blend…with…等等。這類平行結(jié)構(gòu)要求前項(xiàng)連接詞與后項(xiàng)連接詞之間的部分對等。

　　請閱讀以下例句，找出其中錯(cuò)誤。

　　例句1：A healthy economy can be measured not only by the growth of business but it has a psychological fect on people.

　　例句1是由not only…but (also)…構(gòu)成的相關(guān)式連接詞的平行結(jié)構(gòu)，要求not only與but后所對應(yīng)的兩個(gè)連接單位的詞性和結(jié)構(gòu)必須相統(tǒng)一。處于平行關(guān)系的部分可以是句子的任何成分，如名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞等。該句中前部分是介詞短語by the growth of business后面是句子it has a psychological fect on people，明顯不符合要求?？梢愿臑閎y the psychological fect on people。

　　2. 單一式連接詞構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)

　　單一式連接詞構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)相對比較難觀察，單一式連接詞有and, or, but, as well as, other than, instead of。這種平行結(jié)構(gòu)按連接的對象數(shù)量可以繼續(xù)分為兩類。

　?、偃呋蛉咭陨系钠叫?and, or, but)

　　請閱讀以下例句，找出其中錯(cuò)誤。

　　例句2：The high school graduate, if he is eighteen or nineteen, has these alternatives: attending college, finding a job, or to join the army.

　　例句2中，alternatives后面分別跟著三個(gè)平行對象attending college, finding a job和to join the army，它們都是對alternatives的具體說明，邏輯上應(yīng)屬于同一成分的并列事物，可是前兩個(gè)用的是動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)名詞短語，而第三個(gè)卻用了不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to join the army，即用了一個(gè)與前兩者不同的結(jié)構(gòu)，改正的辦法是將該不定式結(jié)構(gòu)改為動(dòng)名詞短語joining the army，以實(shí)現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)平行。這類平行結(jié)構(gòu)參照物較多，比較容易找到對等的結(jié)構(gòu)，再如，

　　I like to be up first in my own castle, to wake the cook myself, to shave while he boils the kettle and then to call the rest of my family with a warm cup of coffee.

　　該句中有多組不定式短語形成平行結(jié)構(gòu)，如果其中某一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤，很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)。

　?、趦烧叩钠叫?and, or, but, as well as, other than, instead of)

　　請閱讀以下例句，找出其中錯(cuò)誤。

　　例句3：Knowing how to study and to learn how to budget time are important for students.

　　例句3中，and連接的前后兩者的平行，看似前者Knowing how to study后者to learn how to budget time不平行，應(yīng)該都使用動(dòng)名詞形式;但是該句可不可以理解為兩個(gè)不定式to study與to learn how to budget time之間的平行呢?所以對于兩者的平行應(yīng)該全方位的觀察：意義、邏輯以及前后的語法。該句中謂語動(dòng)詞是are復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞，其主語必須是復(fù)數(shù)名詞。因此應(yīng)該是兩個(gè)動(dòng)名詞平行做主語Knowing how to study and learning to budget time。

　　3. 句子的平行

　　句子的平行結(jié)構(gòu)，即我們漢語所說的排比句：把同樣的句子結(jié)構(gòu)排列成串，形成一個(gè)整體。這類句子往往結(jié)構(gòu)整齊勻稱，讀起來鏗鏘有力，給人一氣呵成之感。在英美等國的演講以及雜文中非常常見，如：

　?、貰ut in a large sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. (The Gettysburg Address: Abraham Lincoln)

　　②But one hundred years later, the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and find himself an exile in his own land.

　　(I Have a Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr.)

　?、跜rafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.

　　(Of Studies: Francis Bacon)

　　句子的平行結(jié)構(gòu)是由兩個(gè)或者兩個(gè)以上的句法結(jié)構(gòu)相同或相似、意義相關(guān)、語氣一致的句子所組成。這類句子通常前后緊密聯(lián)結(jié)、結(jié)構(gòu)整齊、語氣貫通、音律頓挫。從修辭對應(yīng)關(guān)系來看，大約相當(dāng)于漢語中的排比和對偶句子的中和。如果運(yùn)用在一般的文學(xué)作品中，能使文章平添幾分書卷氣和較強(qiáng)的語言藝術(shù)美感，增加文章的可讀性;產(chǎn)生使人讀起來瑯瑯上口、讀完意猶未盡的效果。所以掌握該語言技巧，有利于同學(xué)們在SAT作文中寫出流暢的英文句子，取得高分。

　　二、真題再現(xiàn)

　　1. Many college students think that school policies should not be dictated by administrative officers but instead they should be submitted to the approval of the students.

　　(A) but instead they should be submitted to the approval of the students.

　　(B) but they should have been submitted to the approval of the students.

　　(C) but should be submitted to the students for approval.

　　(D) because they should be submitted for their approval to the students.

　　(E) however, they ought to be submitted to the students for their approval.

　　解析：原句是由but連接的并列句，但上文中我們以提到在SAT語法題中，只要形成平行結(jié)構(gòu)的選項(xiàng)，在語法上都是最佳的。

　　2. Most famous for her record-breaking trip around the world, Bly (1864-1922) also pioneered a new type of undercover investigative journalism and inventing a type of steel barrel.

　　(A) inventing a type of steel barrel

　　(B) invents a type of steel barrel

　　(C) invented a type of steel barrel

　　(D) a type of steel barrel was invented by her

　　(E) a type of steel barrel was also her invention

　　解析：該句是由and單一式連接詞構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)，劃線部分inventing與上文沒有相似的結(jié)構(gòu)，所以通過選項(xiàng)可以看出invent可以與該句謂語動(dòng)詞pioneered平行。

　　3. A recent study of animal language offers (A) provocative theories about (B) the origins of such complex behaviors as (C) the colorfully and noisy (D) signals animals use to communicate. No error (E)

　　解析：該句是由and單一式連接詞構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)colorfully and noisy，前后兩部分詞性必須相同，所以應(yīng)該改為colorful and noisy。

　　4. After she won a gold medal in figure skating at the 1956 Olympic Games, Tanley Albright attended medical school and becoming a surgeon.

　　(A) school and becoming

　　(B) school and became

　　(C) school, also became

　　(D) school, she became

　　(E) school; also becoming

　　解析：該句是由and單一式連接詞構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)，劃線部分becoming與上文沒有相似的結(jié)構(gòu)，所以通過選項(xiàng)可以看出become可以與該句謂語動(dòng)詞attended平行。

　　5. Dr. Ling strongly (A) encouraged each of (B) us contacting (C) our federal and state representatives and urge them to increase (D) funding for elementary school music programs. No error (E)

　　解析：該句是由and單一式連接詞構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)，and后是urge原形動(dòng)詞，但and前卻沒有對應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞原形與之形成平行，所以只能把contacting改為to contact。

　　6. Participants in the executive leadership workshop expect a program of outstanding speakers and gaining information about new approaches to management.

　　(A) and gaining information

　　(B) as well as information

　　(C) as well as being informed

　　(D) and also being informed

　　(E) in addition, they expect to gain information

　　解析：該句是由and單一式連接詞構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)，劃線部分gaining information與上文沒有相似的結(jié)構(gòu)，注意outstanding是形容詞，并不是動(dòng)名詞。同理，選項(xiàng)C和D都是不正確的。

　　注：and與as well as在連接兩者的平行時(shí)可以互換，但as well as不可以連接三者或三者以上的平行結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　7. The psychologist states that most people want the same things: interesting and meaningful work, respect, and to have them be loved for themselves alone.

　　(A) interesting and meaningful work, respect, and to have them be loved for themselves alone

　　(B) to have interesting and meaningful work, respect, and loved for themselves alone

　　(C) work that has interest and is meaningful, to have respect, and to be beloved for themselves alone

　　(D) interesting and meaningful work, respect, and their own love

　　(E) to have interesting and meaningful work, to be respected, and to be loved for themselves alone

　　解析：當(dāng)出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)都是平行結(jié)構(gòu)選項(xiàng)時(shí)，需要考慮句義、邏輯、搭配等其他細(xì)節(jié)。該題中D與E都是平行結(jié)構(gòu)：D是三個(gè)名詞短語的平行，而E是三個(gè)不定式短語的平行。關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)在兩個(gè)平型結(jié)構(gòu)的最后部分their own love與to be loved for themselves alone意義差別比較大，這時(shí)需要選擇與原句意義最貼近的表達(dá)。their own love他們自己的愛;to be loved for themselves alone因?yàn)樗麄冏约憾粣?to have them be loved for themselves alone因?yàn)樗麄冏约憾屗麄儽粣郏梢园l(fā)現(xiàn)E選項(xiàng)與原句意思最貼近。

　　8. The amount of garbage produced in the United States could be reduced by recycling trash, minimizing packaging, and developing new technology for incinerators and landfills.

　　(A) and developing new technology

　　(B) and if they develop new technology

　　(C) and also by developing new technology

　　(D) and new technology being developed

　　(E) and if there was new technology

　　解析：由and構(gòu)成的三個(gè)動(dòng)名詞的平行，共同做by的賓語。

　　9. A radio system consists of a means of transforming sounds into electromagnetic waves and of transmitting those waves through space; after this those waves must be transformed back into sounds.

　　(A) waves and of transmitting those waves through space; after this those waves must be transformed

　　(B) waves, transmitting the waves through space, and transforming them

　　(C) waves, of transmitting them through space, and then the translation of them

　　(D) waves and of transmitting them through space; after this the waves have to be translated

　　(E) waves, of the transmitting of those waves through space and of translating same

　　解析：由and構(gòu)成的三個(gè)動(dòng)名詞的平行，共同做of的賓語。

　　10. His love of (A) politics led (B) him to volunteer in local campaigns (C) as well as a job (D) in a government office in the state capital. No error (E)

　　解析：由as well as連接的兩者之間的平行?？梢钥闯鯽 job與句子前半部分都不能形成平行，所以應(yīng)該用動(dòng)詞形式to work與to volunteer相平行。

　　三、難點(diǎn)聚焦

　　該語法項(xiàng)目的難點(diǎn)在于兩類特殊的平行結(jié)構(gòu)：

　　1. 主語與表語的平行

　　主語與表語的平行是一種非常特別的平行結(jié)構(gòu)：當(dāng)主語為不定式短語時(shí)，表語往往也用不定式短語;當(dāng)主語為動(dòng)名詞短語時(shí)，表語往往也用動(dòng)名詞短語。如：To see is to believe. Seeing is believing. 這兩種表達(dá)都是正確的，但如果說成to see is believing或者seeing is to believe這就不符合英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，主語與表語無法達(dá)成平行。

　　請閱讀以下例句，找出其中錯(cuò)誤。

　　例句4：To be drawn to these new, rreshing conceptions of teaching is only finding that the void between the abstractions and the realities of teacher rlection is too great to bridge.

　　例句4的主語為To be drawn to these new, rreshing conceptions of teaching，本質(zhì)是一個(gè)不定式短語，表語為only finding that，本質(zhì)是一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語，二者不能平行，所以應(yīng)該改為不定式短語，以實(shí)現(xiàn)主語與表語的平行。

　　2. 并列句的主語平行

　　當(dāng)兩個(gè)并列句在表述同一事物的兩個(gè)方面或兩事物相對比時(shí)，一般要求兩個(gè)并列句在結(jié)構(gòu)上平行。

　　如：To turn off lights when out is one way to save energy; to avoid using plastic bags is another.

　　請閱讀以下例句，找出其中錯(cuò)誤。

　　例句5：Fishing is his favorite hobby, and to collect coins also gives him great pleasure.

　　例句5為and連接的兩個(gè)并列句，前后都是說他的愛好，所以要實(shí)現(xiàn)兩句的平行，前句的主語為doing，后句的主語為to do，二者不能實(shí)現(xiàn)平行。

　　四、難題透析

　　1. To stand in (A) Persepolis in modern Iran and look out, as Darius the First must have done (B), at the immense sweep of fields and mountains (C) is grasping (D) the vastness of the ancient Persian Empire. No error (E)

　　解析：該句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，考察主語與表語不平行。

　　2. All species of sea turtles are endangered because of overharvesting of adults, their eggs being disturbed, and destruction of nesting habitats.

　　(A) of overharvesting of adults, their eggs being disturbed, and destruction of nesting habitats

　　(B) of the adults being overharvested, their eggs disturbed, and destroying nesting habitats

　　(C) the overharvesting of adults, disturbance of their eggs, and destruction of nesting habitats

　　(D) the adults are overharvested, their eggs are disturbed, and their nesting habitats are destroyed

　　(E) being overharvested as adults, their eggs being disturbed, and destruction of nesting habitats

　　解析：該題考查的是句子的平行。

　　3. To claim that an advertisement persuades whomever one (A) wants it (B) to persuade is often discounting (C) the intelligence and even (D) the aptitude of an audience. No error (E)

　　解析：該句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，考察主語與表語不平行。

　　4. Once the week of final exams arrived (A), Brian needed to read several history chapters, to study and prepare (B) himself (C) for a biology test, and he should (D) revise his paper on Shakespeare. No error (E)

　　解析：不定式的平行結(jié)構(gòu)to do and to do，后面的to是可以省略的。

　　5. The famous battle depicted in the film Brave heart took place in northern England, and many people assume that it was the Scottish Highlands.

　　A) and many people assume that it was

　　B) many people assume

　　C) but many people assume it to be

　　D) not what many people assume

　　E) not, as many people assume, in

　　解析：隱含的平行結(jié)構(gòu)，not…but…，平行的應(yīng)該是一組介詞短語，not in the Scottish Highlands but in northern England.

　　在SAT語法中所謂平行結(jié)構(gòu)(parallelism)，就是把一個(gè)句子邏輯上應(yīng)屬于同一句法成分的并列事物用相同的結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)。平行結(jié)構(gòu)是一種修辭手法，它要求處于并列關(guān)系的句子與句子之間，句子內(nèi)部并列的成分之間采取同類語法形式來表達(dá)同類概念，以達(dá)到明晰句意、節(jié)省用詞、加強(qiáng)語氣、增加韻律的修辭效果，而且能起篇章紐帶作用。掌握這一語言現(xiàn)象，不僅有利于搞清句子之間的關(guān)系，也有利于學(xué)習(xí)者寫出流暢的英文句子，從而為寫作水平的提高打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。在SAT語法題中，只要形成平行結(jié)構(gòu)的選項(xiàng)，在語法上都是最佳的。

　　平行結(jié)構(gòu)考點(diǎn)小結(jié)

　　→相關(guān)式連接詞構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)

　　→單一式連接詞構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)

　　→句子的平行

　　一、考點(diǎn)詳解

　　1. 相關(guān)式連接詞構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)

　　相關(guān)式連接詞構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單，要點(diǎn)就是掌握牢在SAT中常見的相關(guān)式并列連詞，如both...and…, not...but…, either...or…, neither...nor…, from...to…, from...until…, between...and…, not only...but (also)…, combine…with…, blend…with…等等。這類平行結(jié)構(gòu)要求前項(xiàng)連接詞與后項(xiàng)連接詞之間的部分對等。

　　請閱讀以下例句，找出其中錯(cuò)誤。

　　例句1：A healthy economy can be measured not only by the growth of business but it has a psychological fect on people.

　　例句1是由not only…but (also)…構(gòu)成的相關(guān)式連接詞的平行結(jié)構(gòu)，要求not only與but后所對應(yīng)的兩個(gè)連接單位的詞性和結(jié)構(gòu)必須相統(tǒng)一。處于平行關(guān)系的部分可以是句子的任何成分，如名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞等。該句中前部分是介詞短語by the growth of business后面是句子it has a psychological fect on people，明顯不符合要求?？梢愿臑閎y the psychological fect on people。

　　2. 單一式連接詞構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)

　　單一式連接詞構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)相對比較難觀察，單一式連接詞有and, or, but, as well as, other than, instead of。這種平行結(jié)構(gòu)按連接的對象數(shù)量可以繼續(xù)分為兩類。

　?、偃呋蛉咭陨系钠叫?and, or, but)

　　請閱讀以下例句，找出其中錯(cuò)誤。

　　例句2：The high school graduate, if he is eighteen or nineteen, has these alternatives: attending college, finding a job, or to join the army.

　　例句2中，alternatives后面分別跟著三個(gè)平行對象attending college, finding a job和to join the army，它們都是對alternatives的具體說明，邏輯上應(yīng)屬于同一成分的并列事物，可是前兩個(gè)用的是動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)名詞短語，而第三個(gè)卻用了不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to join the army，即用了一個(gè)與前兩者不同的結(jié)構(gòu)，改正的辦法是將該不定式結(jié)構(gòu)改為動(dòng)名詞短語joining the army，以實(shí)現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)平行。這類平行結(jié)構(gòu)參照物較多，比較容易找到對等的結(jié)構(gòu)，再如，

　　I like to be up first in my own castle, to wake the cook myself, to shave while he boils the kettle and then to call the rest of my family with a warm cup of coffee.

　　該句中有多組不定式短語形成平行結(jié)構(gòu)，如果其中某一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤，很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)。

　?、趦烧叩钠叫?and, or, but, as well as, other than, instead of)

　　請閱讀以下例句，找出其中錯(cuò)誤。

　　例句3：Knowing how to study and to learn how to budget time are important for students.

　　例句3中，and連接的前后兩者的平行，看似前者Knowing how to study后者to learn how to budget time不平行，應(yīng)該都使用動(dòng)名詞形式;但是該句可不可以理解為兩個(gè)不定式to study與to learn how to budget time之間的平行呢?所以對于兩者的平行應(yīng)該全方位的觀察：意義、邏輯以及前后的語法。該句中謂語動(dòng)詞是are復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞，其主語必須是復(fù)數(shù)名詞。因此應(yīng)該是兩個(gè)動(dòng)名詞平行做主語Knowing how to study and learning to budget time。

　　3. 句子的平行

　　句子的平行結(jié)構(gòu)，即我們漢語所說的排比句：把同樣的句子結(jié)構(gòu)排列成串，形成一個(gè)整體。這類句子往往結(jié)構(gòu)整齊勻稱，讀起來鏗鏘有力，給人一氣呵成之感。在英美等國的演講以及雜文中非常常見，如：

　?、貰ut in a large sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. (The Gettysburg Address: Abraham Lincoln)

　　②But one hundred years later, the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and find himself an exile in his own land.

　　(I Have a Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr.)

　?、跜rafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.

　　(Of Studies: Francis Bacon)

　　句子的平行結(jié)構(gòu)是由兩個(gè)或者兩個(gè)以上的句法結(jié)構(gòu)相同或相似、意義相關(guān)、語氣一致的句子所組成。這類句子通常前后緊密聯(lián)結(jié)、結(jié)構(gòu)整齊、語氣貫通、音律頓挫。從修辭對應(yīng)關(guān)系來看，大約相當(dāng)于漢語中的排比和對偶句子的中和。如果運(yùn)用在一般的文學(xué)作品中，能使文章平添幾分書卷氣和較強(qiáng)的語言藝術(shù)美感，增加文章的可讀性;產(chǎn)生使人讀起來瑯瑯上口、讀完意猶未盡的效果。所以掌握該語言技巧，有利于同學(xué)們在SAT作文中寫出流暢的英文句子，取得高分。 上1234下

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