GRE難句解讀——提高GRE閱讀必須要過的第一關(八).

　　以下是澳際小編搜集整理的GRE難句解讀——提高GRE閱讀必須要過的第一關，大家練習時，要以“以實戰(zhàn)的要求為目的”為大原則，難句子不僅出現(xiàn)在閱讀中，還出現(xiàn)在句子填空、邏輯但體中，因此，對難句子得攻克變得相當重要。

　　81、 Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous，wind pollinated plants have，in the view above，compensated for the　　ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects. (5)

　　由于花粉粒在其長距離的運輸過程中所要面臨的潛在危險是巨大的，按上述觀點來看，由風授粉的植物補償了通過偶發(fā)事件而伴隨造成的花粉損失。其途徑是，制造出大于昆蟲授粉的植物種類所產(chǎn)生的花粉量的一至三個數(shù)量級的花粉量。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語、省略

　　解釋：本句就是上面所說的構成本篇文章首段的第二句話，而且本句的難度超過上一句。本句一上來就不好讀，Because the potential hazards that pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous,其中主語后的pollen grains are subject to本來就是一個定語從句，但是由于主語the potential hazards在從句中作介詞to的賓語，所以引導詞that被省略，這就顯得句子的結構模糊不清，再加上as引導的狀語從句，隔開了主語和謂語，給讀者造成了較大的閱讀困難。后面的分句中，句子的結構更為復雜：插入語、定語和狀語層層相套。有兩個詞組需要解釋一下：orders of magnitude指的是數(shù)量級，其中order是等級、級別的意思，而magnitude在此不是指重要、星球的光亮度，指的是尺寸大小和數(shù)量多少的程度，同義詞是size,quantity,number。后面的speciespollinated by insects特指蟲媒植物。

　　意群訓練：Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous，wind pollinated plants have，in the view above，compensated for the　　ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.

　　82、 For example，the spiral arrangement of　scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones，where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located，is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfaces，thereby passing airborne pollen　from one scale to the next. (5)

　　例如，帶有胚珠的松球的鱗苞綜合體的螺旋狀安排，亦即松柏目植物雌性殖器官的所在位置，對于氣流模式的形成與產(chǎn)生殊為重要，而這些氣流模式在松球的表現(xiàn)盤旋上升，從而把在空氣中飛行的花粉從一個鱗苞傳播至下一個鱗苞。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語、專有名詞

　　解釋：本句的兩大難點中，一是結構復雜，二是專有名詞較多。在主語the spiral arrangement之后，出現(xiàn)了長長的定語，其中套了三層修飾，這樣讀者就難以把主語和謂語聯(lián)系到一塊。另外，句中的大量生詞也明顯干擾了我們的理解，spiral arrangment(螺旋狀安排)、scale-bract complexes(鱗苞綜合體)、ovule-bearing(攜帶胚珠的)、pine cones(松果)、female reproductive organ(雌性生殖器官)、airflow pattern(氣流模式)等。其中只有后面的三個單詞我們有可能根據(jù)常識大概猜出其含義。那么現(xiàn)場閱讀時遇到這種東西又該如何處理呢?

　　可以肯定的是ETS的出題者并沒有期望讀者都是生物學家或物理學家，而且從眾多的出題的情況來看，也根本不可能考到任何必須對專有名詞作精確理解的內(nèi)容。讀到這種東西的時候，讀者的首要任務是從聯(lián)系文章出題的角度，讀出這句話與文章主題有關的意思，從而理解它在文章中的作用。比如這個句子，讀者只要能夠讀出the arrangement of female reproductive organs of conifers are important to reduce the ollen waste這個意思即可。

　　意群訓練：For example，the spiral arrangement of　scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones，where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located，is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfaces，thereby passing airborne pollen　from one scale to the next.

　　83、 Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”. (3+)

　　FE,卻預測婦女們將被從家庭的“社會、法律和經(jīng)濟壓迫”中解放出來，只是通過使得征召“整個女性階層進入公共的工業(yè)中去”成為可能的技術進步的方式做到的。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、倒裝

　　解釋：本句的前半部分簡單，后面的賓語從句中的第二個狀語by technological developments 后面跟著的定語從句中出現(xiàn)了倒裝：the made/possible/the recruitment of the whole female sex into public industry的正常語序應該是that made the recruiment of the whole female sex into public industry/possible/，固定搭配make…possible中的副詞possible被倒裝到了前面。

　　意群訓練：Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”.

　　84、 It was not the change in office technology，but rather the separation of secretarial work，　　previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers，from administrative　work that in the 1880’s created a new class of "dead-end" jobs，thencorth considered "women’s work." (5)十九世紀八十年代，產(chǎn)生了新的一類“沒澳際”的職業(yè)，這并不是因為辦公室技術發(fā)生了改變，而是由于秘書工作——在此之前被視作是初起步的經(jīng)理們的一種習見訓練——與行政工作的分離。自此以后，這類“沒澳際”的職業(yè)便被視作是“女人的工作?！?/p>

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語

　　解釋：這句話的結構是It was something that,,,It是形式主語，其真正的內(nèi)容是was之后、that、之前的something的內(nèi)容。本句的something結構復雜、長度驚人，并且包含了一個較長的插入語，把固定搭配separation from分開，造成了極大的閱讀困難，其實這個句子說得簡單就是It was the separation of secretarial work from administrative work that created a new class of jobs。

　　意群訓練：It was not the change in office technology，but rather the separation of secretarial work，　　previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers，from administrative　work that in the 1880’s created a new class of "dead-end" jobs，thencorth considered "women’s work."

　　注：本文難度再分不清separation … from 的搭配關系

　　85、 The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth　　century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers，previously，in many cases，the only women employers would hire. (5)

　　二十世紀已婚婦女在家庭以外就業(yè)的人數(shù)不斷增加，這與家務的機械化及這些婦女閑暇時間的增加并無多大聯(lián)系，更多地是與婦女自身的經(jīng)濟需要和高婚姻率相關。高婚姻率致使所能雇傭的單身女工的總量縮減，而在此之前的許多情形中，單身女性則是雇主們所愿雇傭的唯一—一類婦女。 The pool of 如果后面跟著一群人，則表示勞動力資源

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語

　　解釋：主語the increase之后照例來了一堆修飾成分。后面的had less to do with…than do with…的意思是與前面的東西的關系不如與后面的關系那么重要，相當于中文的與其說還不如說…。但是本句的比較雙方都是又臭又長的由and所連接的兩個名詞性短語，令讀者閱讀時的思維難以連貫。The pool of如果后面跟著一種人群，則這個詞組指勞動力資源。

　　意群訓練：The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth　　century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers，previously，in many cases，the only women employers would hire.

　　86、 For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time.(5)難句類型：正話反說

　　請思考：如果文中說這句話的前提是：all population are driven by two (and only two) categories of growth parameters, one is density-independent factors, and the other is density-independent factors. 那么作者說上面的這句話有什么用意。

　　解釋：本句雖然貌不驚人，但本書既然將其收錄進來，并標出難度5，就意味著其中有怪異之處。值得一提的是，本文前面曾把控制種群密度的因素分為兩種，一種叫做density-dependent factors(這里簡稱d-d因素)，另一種叫做dentsity-independent factors(簡稱d-I因素)。原文的直譯雖然好懂，但是總令人感覺說得不甚明白。顯然，GRE或GMAT的作者不可能隨便說一句無關痛癢的話，那么沒有任何種群能夠在所有的時間全被d-I因素所控制，其真正意思是什么呢?就是：一切種群都必然在某個時間內(nèi)受到d-d因素的控制。本句是ETS在考試中慣用的正話反說的典型例子，請讀者深沉體會。本句在文章中也是理解作者態(tài)度的關鍵所在。

　　意群訓練：For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time.

　　87、 In order to understand the nature of the ecologist’s investigation，we may think of the density-dependent fects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret，one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones，while the density-independent fects act to produce "noise" in the population dynamics. (5)

　　為了能理解生態(tài)學家們所從事的研究的性質(zhì)，我們可以把那些作用于增長參數(shù)的密度依賴效應視作生態(tài)學家們力圖將其分離并予以解釋的“信號”，正是這一信號傾向于使種群從相對較低的數(shù)值遞增，或從相對較高的數(shù)值遞減;而與此同時，那些密度獨立效應起到的作用則構成了種群動態(tài)變化中的“噪音”。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語、省略

　　解釋：句子不僅很長，而且有兩個地方看上去不舒服，第一：think of ..as…不是很常見，其實think of 這個詞組就等于consider,imagine,加上后面的as就是把….認為是…的意思。第二個不習慣的地方是signal后面的大段修飾語，不但長度很長，而且在signal后面還省略了一個that，正常應該是the signal that ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret,,與前面見過對that的省略不同的是，這次that在句中不是句子的賓語，而是不定式動詞的賓語。

　　意群訓練：In order to understand the nature of the ecologist’s investigation，we may think of the density-dependent fects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret，one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones，while the density-independent fects act to produce "noise" in the population dynamics.

　　88、 But the play’s complex view of Black self-esteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more "contradictory" than Du Bois’ famous，well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awareness　　coexisting with human unity，or Fanon’s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles. (5)

　　但該劇有關黑人自尊可與人類團結相融合這一復雜觀點，絲毫都不比杜波伊斯(Du Bois)的理想或法儂(Fanon)的強調(diào)來得更為“矛盾”：杜波伊斯提出的著名的、深思熟慮的理想是，民族的自覺可以和人類大同共存;法儂則對理想的國際主義進行了強調(diào)，而這一理想的國際主義同樣也能兼容民族身份與角色。 No more … than :一樣不

　　注：view Black self-esteem and human solidarity

　　ideal ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity

　　emphasis national identities and roles accommodates internationalism

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、抽象詞

　　解釋：本句的一個大難點就是對A no more “contradictory” than B的理解，與我們想當然的意思正相反，其意思不是A不如B更矛盾，而是A與B同樣都不矛盾。A no more…than B這個固定搭配的意思是A與B一樣都不….例如：I can no more swim than a hammar并不是說我游泳不如錘子游得好，而是說我與錘子一樣都無法游泳。

　　另一個難點在于句子中大量的抽象詞，給讀者的詞匯能力提出了較高的要求。但是功底較好的讀者應該可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，句中用來比較的前后項中的描述三個作家的九組詞匯形成了一個3×4的同義詞矩陣，如上述的注。每一列都是同義詞，可以看出，這三個人的觀點是相同的，也可以看出作者英語功底之深。

　　意群訓練：But the play’s complex view of Black self-esteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more "contradictory" than Du Bois’ famous，well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awareness　　coexisting with human unity，or Fanon’s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles.

　　89、 In which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as Isaacs’ to Raisin in the Sun?難句類型：復雜修飾、題干圈套 (5)

　　在以下哪一個選項中，文章的作者加強了她對類似這樣的對于《》做出的反應的批判呢?

　　解釋：為了對應原文，以上中文的翻譯顯得很笨拙，請讀者原諒。需要說明的是，本題號稱GRE五大難題之一。對于此題的市面上眾說紛紜，皆不得要領，筆者很高興能通過這本書把此題講清楚，一來以正視聽，二來解決同學們的疑難，三來提示ETS出題者的叵測居心。

　　此題之所以難解，是因為題干中藏有圈套。請仔細觀察題干，它問的是作者對誰的批評?是對I一伙的所有批評家的responses還是對I個人的responses做出的批評呢?當然是對所有的responses。出題者在此設下陷阱，讓讀者怎么看都像是對I的responses的批評，可是文章中對于I的描述并沒有能和選項匹配的說法，因此用I到文中去定位，這道題當然無法做出：而文中對與I抱有相同觀點的全體評論家們對<太陽下的葡萄干>一書的反應的描述十分清楚：Indeed, a curiously persistent rusal to credit Hansberry with a capacity for intentional irony has led some critics to interpret the play’s thematic conflicts as mere confusion,contradiction, or eclecticism.Isaac, for exmaple,…

　　評論家們從一個錯誤的前提(即H不能intentianl icrony)推出一個錯誤結論，那么我們的作者應該怎么批評他們呢?當然要駁倒其assumption，說H是能作intentinal irony的。我們于是看到了D選項，intentianal 的完美的同義詞：well-considered.從本題中可以體會到，對于句子的閱讀能力是多么重要。

　　意群訓練：In which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as Isaacs’ to Raisin in the Sun?

　　90、 Inheritors of some of the　viewpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker，these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation. (3+)

　　作為二十世紀早期“進步派”史學家(如Beard和Becker)等人某些觀點的繼承者，這些近期的史學家所提出的觀點值得我們予以評價。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾

　　解釋：看夠了后置的修飾成分，我們來看一個放在前面的同位語。Inheritors之后的長長的復合結構是主句的主語these recent historians的同位語。本句稍微有些難的地方在于，很容易把B和B與recent historians的關系看錯。正確的理解是：recent historians是B和B的后繼者，而不是相反。

　　意群訓練：Inheritors of some of the　viewpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker，these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation.

　　91、 Despite these vague categories，one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed. (5)

　　盡管存在這些模糊范疇，但我們不應該斷然聲稱，在各個易于辨認出的階層之間所存在的敵對態(tài)度就無法被合理地觀察到。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、三重否定

　　解釋：從這個例子可以看出，句子的難度也不全是與其長度成正比。比如這句話，既不算長又沒有什么不認識的單詞，但是偏偏很難看懂?？床欢脑颍菍懳恼碌娜耸褂昧巳胤穸?，should not unequivocally, cannot。在這里，可以明顯看出ETS在考查我們的閱讀能力，因為如果想把句子肯定的語氣而不改變句子的意思是很容易的。Despite these vage categories, one may still claim dinitely that hostility between discernable classes can be validely observed.

　　意群訓練：Despite these vague categories，one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed.

　　92、 Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it. (5+)

　　然而，有些史學家強調(diào)在殖民者之間曾出現(xiàn)過一種普遍的一致意見。這些史學家如果不認識到各種矛盾的存在，就無法充分地理解這種一致意見，而所有那些矛盾只有在被克服或壓制之后才有可能獲得那種一致意見。 It 指代：general consensus

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、雙重否定

　　解釋：本句同樣不算長，但是難度卻超乎尋常，而且本句在文章中是最后一句，文章的作者用本句話給出了他對文章中心論題的最后態(tài)度，不可謂不重要。據(jù)筆者觀察，能夠現(xiàn)場讀懂這句話的讀者絕不超過20%。

　　本句之所以難，是因為三個原因，第一，句子中的復雜修飾帶給讀者思維上的困難。第二，本句without引導的條件狀語的表述不符合讀者大腦中的語言及思維習慣。Without引導的介詞結構作條件狀語，在中文里面不一定要像筆者上面給出的翻譯一樣，要放在其推出的結論的前面，相當于，如果不…則…，而在英文中，它既可以放在前面，也可以后面，而且以出現(xiàn)在后面的情況居多。這就造成了中國讀者的思維上的不習慣。不但如此，without之后的表達也讓人看得不舒服，我們習慣的表達是without understanding that the conflicts had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.而句中把the conflicts和that調(diào)換了一下，變成了without understanding the conflict that had to be overcome or repressed in oreder to reach it，從語法上可通，但從句義上卻看起來別扭。作者為什么不用看起來更通順的前一種說法呢?這是因為兩者的意思上存在細微的差別。前者強調(diào)的是要去理解泛指的矛盾被克服這件事，而后者強調(diào)的是要去正確理解特指的需要被克服才是理解整個抗英斗爭的著急。

　　另外，句中的consensus和最后的it都是指殖民者的一致抗英的共識。

　　本句給讀者造成的最大困難還在于它使用了雙重否定，如果不理解那些必須被克服的矛盾，就不能理解這些共識，其意思就是只有理解了那些必須被克服的矛盾，才有可能理解這些共識。請讀者反復閱讀，以熟練掌握這種對于多重否定的思維轉換。

　　意群訓練：Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.

　　93、 It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War?(5)插入語多

　　從文章中可以推斷出來，作者最有可能同意以下哪一個關于在美國革命戰(zhàn)爭中的社會經(jīng)濟各階層及其對叛黨和保王黨的支持的陳述?

　　難句類型：復雜修飾

　　解釋：句子是在regarding之后才開始難懂的。Regarding引導一個分詞結構，修飾statement。分詞中regard的賓語有兩個，一個是socioeconomic class，另一個是support for the rebel and Loyallist caused,中間由and相連接，本句的不好懂之處在于，我們對support 的第一反應是把它當成動詞，這樣就有可能理解成and support for是與前面的agree with并列的謂語，當然這種理解在語法上是成立的，然而在邏輯上不成立。正確的理解是support作名詞，與socioeconomic class并列。其實本題干的意思就是在問哪個階層的人會支持哪一方。

　　意群訓練：It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War?

　　94、 She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness.(5)

　　她希望拋棄傳統(tǒng)的方法和像芭蕾舞這樣已經(jīng)確立的舞蹈語言，而希望探索人類表現(xiàn)力的內(nèi)在源泉。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、省略、抽象詞、易淆結構

　　解釋：本句盡管用詞抽象，但給讀者帶來直接威脅的還是句子的結構，句中由兩個and連接起三部分內(nèi)容，這在語法上似乎說不通，可實際上這兩個and在句子中所處的層次其實是不同的，第一個and連接了discard的兩個賓語，也可以看成是and后面省略了不定式to discard,也就是說第一個and 是在不定式中的并列，而第二個and的層次要高于前面的第一個and。

　　讀者讀到established的時候容易犯兩種錯誤，一是把and之后的established看成是與wished并列的謂語，二是把established看成是與discard并列的不定式。其實這兩種理解在語法上都行不通;如果與wished并列，則后面要加不定式，如果與discard并列，它本身就必須是動詞原型。

　　其實在閱讀的現(xiàn)場，考生根本就沒有時間去考慮其語法，上面所說的把established讀錯，還是因為讀者很少見到established作形容詞的用法及兩個and居于不同層次的情況。

　　意群訓練：She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness.

　　95、 Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted，only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. (5)

　　盡管有可能從實際制造的商品和服務中可推知制造商和服務業(yè)認為他們的顧客所需要的是什么，但只有對由實際顧客撰寫的相關的個人文件進行一番研究，方能提供一幅精確的圖畫，藉以說明“什么樣的人”需要什么樣的東西。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、倒裝

　　解釋：前面的it是形式主語，主語真正的內(nèi)容在不定式中。不定式中的大規(guī)模倒裝，是這個句子讀不懂的主要原因：infer的賓語是what從句，而infer和從句之間被以from為首的作狀語的介詞結構所分隔。正常語序應該是：to infer what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted from the goods and services actually produced.后面的分句也不好讀：主語很長，而且句末的賓語precise picture后面的修飾成分of who wanted what也是比較少見的。

　　意群訓練：Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted，only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.

　　96、 With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteen-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteen-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.(4)

　　關于這個最后的問題，我們可以順便指出，T盡管正確的使勞動人民重返十八世紀英國的歷史舞臺，但是她又可能吹噓了這些人對于資本主義消費觀在普遍意義上的敵視態(tài)度;比如說，十八世紀的英國勞動人民就很容易從家釀的啤酒轉而引用由大型的、資本密集的城市釀酒廠生產(chǎn)的標準啤酒。In passing:順便的、隨便的、偶然的

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語

　　解釋：本句的難點就在于句子開始的we might note in passing that Thompson…一句中，不認識in passing這個詞組，現(xiàn)場就無法讀懂這句話的結構和含義;好在這里這個詞組沒有什么特別重要的意思，即使跳過也不耽誤大事。

　　In passing的意思是：順便地，隨便地或偶然地，其在英文中的同義詞就是brily,incidentally。句子中的note in passing that…就是“順便提一下”，“簡單說一句”的意思。

　　意群訓練：With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteen-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteen-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.

　　97、 The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their.(4+)

　　當然二氧化碳與大氣溫度之間的相互聯(lián)系并不能確定到底是大氣成分的變化引起了氣候的變暖和變冷的趨勢，還是大氣成分的變化是由氣候的冷暖變化造成的。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語、省略

　　解釋：本句主句中的謂語establish在GRE、GMAT和LSAT的閱讀文章中除了可以作建立的意思以外，還有一個更常用的意思，就是確定、確證的意思，等于determine, prove或confirm，另外，本句的省略很容易使讀者將指代關系搞混：在最后的or were caused by their當中，存在兩處省略：or之后省略了與whether一句中相同的主語changes (in atmospheric composition);最后的their之后又省略了與whether從句中的主語一樣的changes。這里不管將their之后被省略的內(nèi)容看成是warming and cooling trends還是看成composition都是錯誤理解。

　　意群訓練：The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their.

　　98、 Such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or，more generally，the nature of　　human knowledge they believe，are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested. (5 -)

　　他們相信，諸如靈與肉的問題，或更普遍而言，人類知識的性質(zhì)等此類哲學關注，均是一些基本的人類問題，其探索性的哲學答案已構成一個必要的基礎，其它所有的智力思辯均賴以建立其上。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語、倒裝、抽象詞

　　解釋：本篇文章所討論的主題就是哲學的起源問題，因此在這篇文章中出現(xiàn)大量的抽象詞，是理所當然的。

　　然而本句的開始的結構比較特殊，出現(xiàn)了一個倒裝結構，正常的語序應該是：They believe that such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or, more generrally, the nature of human knowledge, are basic human question…。筆者說此結構特殊，并不是因為我們司空見慣了的倒裝本身，而是因為從句子的結構來講，此倒裝毫無必要，并無頭重腳輕之虞。作者之所以這樣寫，一是為了強調(diào)句首的、作為文章主題的哲學，二是為了使句式有所變化，不至于過分單一，三是為了為難一下考生，看看讀者看懂了沒有，后面就對這句話出了一道題。

　　意群訓練：Such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or，more generally，the nature of　　human knowledge they believe，are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested.

　　99、 The idea of an autonomous discipline called "philosophy，" distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out， on close examination，to be of quite recent origin. (4)

　　細作審視，我們便不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，一種被稱為“哲學”的獨立學科——既有別于神學和科學諸般學科，并高高在上地對其予以評判——的思想，其淵源卻是甚為近期的事。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞

　　解釋：本句與上面那句話出自同一篇文章，因此用戶仍很抽象，在此解釋幾個對讀句子比較重要的單詞。

　　sit in judgment on :審視，做出判斷，本文中特指文章前面所說的superior to;

　　pursuit:不是追求，而是指被從事的事業(yè)=occupation, career, interest, etc.

　　turn out:被證明是，實際是，同義詞有：prove to be, be discovered to be。

　　這句話除了單詞的問題之外，兩個插入語把主謂賓全部隔開，尤其是第一個插入語還很長，造成了我們閱讀的困難。

　　意群訓練：The idea of an autonomous discipline called "philosophy，" distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out， on close examination，to be of quite recent origin.

　　100、 They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics.(5-)他們戰(zhàn)斗著，盡管是謹慎的，來為學術界打開新科學的大門，而且去把學術生活從宗教哲學中解脫出來，而且他們把自己的工作看成是對科學和物理學而不是對哲學成長做出了貢獻。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語、省略、抽象詞

　　解釋：本句再一次出現(xiàn)兩個and連接三個不屬于同一層面的成分的情況：第一個and 連接兩個并列的不定式，第二個and的級別較高，連接前后兩個并列的句子，and之后相當于省略了主語they.第二個插入語起到的干擾作用比較大，把the growth of分割成了the growth, not of philosophy, but of…。

　　意群訓練：They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics.

　　以上便是GRE難句解讀——提高GRE閱讀必須要過的第一關第八部分，希望對各位考生有所幫助。