GRE難句解讀——提高GRE閱讀必須要過(guò)的第一關(guān)(三).

　　以下是澳際小編搜集整理的GRE難句解讀——提高GRE閱讀必須要過(guò)的第一關(guān)，大家練習(xí)時(shí)，要以“以實(shí)戰(zhàn)的要求為目的”為大原則，難句子不僅出現(xiàn)在閱讀中，還出現(xiàn)在句子填空、邏輯但體中，因此，對(duì)難句子得攻克變得相當(dāng)重要。

　　16. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating　the details of human behavior but one　of imposing constraints—ways of　feeling，thinking，and acting that　　"come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. (4)

　　這些人類學(xué)家所歸諸于生物進(jìn)化的作用，不是規(guī)定人類行為的種種細(xì)節(jié)，而是將各種限制強(qiáng)加于人類——即在任何文化的典型情景中都會(huì)“自然表露”的情感、思維、以及行動(dòng)方式。

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略

　　解釋：盡管我們很熟悉the role of something的這種表達(dá)，但本句中the role of被作者勝利很活。首先，在role后面有一個(gè)省略了引導(dǎo)詞that的定語(yǔ)從句(因?yàn)閞ole在從句中作ascribe的賓語(yǔ))，這樣就把role和系動(dòng)詞is隔得很遠(yuǎn)。其次，but前面的句子的主要結(jié)構(gòu)The role is not of doing something其實(shí)是The role is not the role of doing something的省略形式，因?yàn)楹竺娴膖he role與前面的完全重復(fù)，如果不把它省略掉，誰(shuí)看到都要覺(jué)得啰嗦。因?yàn)橥瑯拥牡览?，but之后的one of imposing constraints實(shí)際上是is one role of imposing constraints的省略形式。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating　 the details of human behavior but one　of imposing constraints— ways of　feeling， thinking，and acting that　　"come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture.

　　17. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? (5)

　　以下哪一個(gè)選項(xiàng)最有可能為文章中所談到的與人類行為有關(guān)的“人類行為細(xì)節(jié)”相對(duì)“人類所受限制”之間的差異，從人類形態(tài)的角度上提供了一個(gè)合適的類比?

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、抽象詞

　　解釋：本句子在所有GRE或GMAT閱讀題的題干中是最難讀懂的題干之一。本句不但結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，而且用詞抽象，使得讀者如果想根據(jù)語(yǔ)義來(lái)搞清楚誰(shuí)修飾誰(shuí)，也變得極為困難。分析如下：本句的主干是Which of the following provides an analogy for the details versus constraints distinction?. Versus是一個(gè)介詞，等于against，即體育比賽中的VS。其他的所有成分均是一些修飾成分。其中一個(gè)對(duì)答題最重要的限制條件是from human morphology，　說(shuō)明這種類比的比較雙方所比的必須是人類形態(tài)上的特征。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the "details" versus "constraints" distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?

　　18. A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not prove， that the grazers　had removed most of the algae. (3+)

　　在存在大量食草動(dòng)物的同時(shí)卻只有少量的水藻花粉囊，這暗示出——但沒(méi)能證明——食草動(dòng)物已吞噬了大部分水藻。

　　難句類型：插入語(yǔ)

　　解釋：本句主語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng)，而且謂語(yǔ)suggested與that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句間被插入語(yǔ)but did not prove隔開(kāi)，造成閱讀障礙。當(dāng)suggest與but did not prove連在一起使用的時(shí)候，其意思不是建議，而是指一種基于主觀臆測(cè)的推理，中文翻譯成“暗示”。其英文釋義為：to call to mind by though or association the explosion suggested sabotage。GRE、GMAT及LSAT文章中，常用suggest，but do not prove來(lái)描述一種沒(méi)有真憑實(shí)據(jù)、可能有問(wèn)題的理論，然后在后面的敘述中把它否定掉。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not prove， that the grazers　had removed most of the algae.

　　19. Perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on , led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. (5)

　　可能這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，那就是很多這樣的最初的研究只是考慮了那些能夠用網(wǎng)撈起來(lái)的大小的水藻，這樣一個(gè)忽視了更小的浮游生物(而這些浮游生物我們現(xiàn)在知道是捕食者主要的食物)的做法，導(dǎo)致了在接下來(lái)的研究中對(duì)于捕食者的作用的貶低。

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)

　　解釋：句子的結(jié)構(gòu)繁雜。句子的主語(yǔ)令人吃驚地長(zhǎng)，在最后一個(gè)逗號(hào)后的led以前，全是主語(yǔ)!其實(shí)句子的主干簡(jiǎn)單，就是the fact led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers。但是本句的主語(yǔ)the fact后面的修飾成分長(zhǎng)得嚇人，先是個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句;定語(yǔ)從句中又套了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。然后逗號(hào)后面的a practice引導(dǎo)的部分是前面的主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)兼任插入語(yǔ)，practice后面的修飾它的一大堆東西又是定語(yǔ)從句套著定語(yǔ)從句。本句是典型的層層修飾結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net(net phytoplankton), a pratice that overlooked the smaller that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.

　　20. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of　individual zooplankton species in the　laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions　using the known population density　of grazers. (5)

　　由哈格雷夫(Hargrave)和吉恩(Geen)所進(jìn)行的研究，對(duì)自然條件下的群落捕食速率進(jìn)行了估計(jì)，其手段是通過(guò)測(cè)量出實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)單獨(dú)的浮游動(dòng)物種類的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草動(dòng)物種群密度，計(jì)算出實(shí)地狀況下的群落捕食速率。

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾

　　解釋：本句對(duì)閱讀者的閱讀能力提出了更高的要求，不但要求讀者讀清楚句子的復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)，而且對(duì)讀者的詞匯能力也提出了更高的要求。

　　By以前結(jié)構(gòu)無(wú)需解釋，by以后有兩個(gè)作介詞賓語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)，measuring和后面表示并列和順接的and then之后的computing，說(shuō)的是計(jì)算方法;前一個(gè)measuring說(shuō)的是先算出實(shí)驗(yàn)室中浮游動(dòng)物品種的單位捕食速率，后面的computing前其實(shí)省略了一個(gè)by，而且在這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)中還包括一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)using the known population density of grazers，用已知的捕食者的種群密度計(jì)算出其野外的群體捕食速率。整個(gè)的by以后的計(jì)算過(guò)程簡(jiǎn)單了就是：實(shí)驗(yàn)室單位速率×野外密度=野外群體速率

　　另外本句中的詞匯也頗有迷惑性;雖然沒(méi)有太難的單詞，但是很多單詞都是同義詞和反義詞，容易讓人讀混;(斜線分隔同義詞，冒號(hào)分隔反義詞)

　　estimate/measure/compute; feeding rates/grazing rates; zooplankton/grazers; natureal/field; laboratory community; individuall

　　意群訓(xùn)練：Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community graz-ing rates by measuring feeding rates of　individual zooplankton species in the　laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions　using the known population density　of grazers.

　　21. In the periods　of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer，　　Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor　lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. (3+)

　　在浮游動(dòng)物數(shù)量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼記錄了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率，對(duì)于營(yíng)養(yǎng)物不充足的湖和沼澤湖而言，分別為每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.

　　難句類型：插入語(yǔ)

　　解釋：句中有兩組插入語(yǔ)，每組兩個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，尤其是第二組，把rate of從中間劈開(kāi)。不過(guò)因?yàn)榫淞x尚好理解，所以本句只是有一點(diǎn)別扭，但不算太難。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：In the periods　of 　peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer，Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor　lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.

　　22. The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. (4)

　　水文循環(huán)(hydrologic cycle)，作為該學(xué)科中的一個(gè)主要課題，指的是水所經(jīng)過(guò)的諸現(xiàn)象的整個(gè)循環(huán)過(guò)程，開(kāi)始時(shí)是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉(zhuǎn)而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經(jīng)過(guò)液體和固體形態(tài)，由此而沿著地層表面分布或進(jìn)入地層表面，最終通過(guò)蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復(fù)到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略

　　水文循環(huán)(hydrologic cycle)，作為該學(xué)科中的一個(gè)主要課題，指的是水所經(jīng)過(guò)的諸現(xiàn)象的整個(gè)循環(huán)過(guò)程，開(kāi)始時(shí)是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉(zhuǎn)而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經(jīng)過(guò)液體和固體形態(tài)，由此而沿著地層表面分布或進(jìn)入地層表面，最終通過(guò)蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復(fù)到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。

　　解釋：beginning開(kāi)始的一系列分詞都是修飾主語(yǔ)The hydrologic cycle的，分別是beginning/passing/passing/returning。值得注意的是，thence along and into the grund surfacee 是thence passing along and entering into the ground surfacee的省略形式，但是看上去意思卻很清楚。類似這樣的省略，是出題者合理地利用了省略來(lái)達(dá)到改編學(xué)術(shù)論文時(shí)壓縮文章篇幅的目的。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.

　　23. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.(4)

　　只有當(dāng)一個(gè)系統(tǒng)擁有自然的或人工形成的邊界來(lái)把邊界中的水與水文循環(huán)聯(lián)系起來(lái)的時(shí)候，才有可能把整個(gè)的系統(tǒng)恰當(dāng)?shù)某蔀榕c水文地質(zhì)學(xué)有關(guān)。

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝

　　解釋：only放在句首時(shí)，主句的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may倒裝，這是我們高中就已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)的東西。然而句首的only與倒裝的may距離如此之遠(yuǎn)，這在以前卻沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)，所以讀上去讓人不習(xí)慣。另外一個(gè)難點(diǎn)在于，前面的由when所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，賓語(yǔ)boundaries后面跟了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle,而且從句中的associate with又被water within it所分開(kāi)，讀者還要分神去考慮it所指的是什么，所以讀到后面倒裝的may的時(shí)候，難免不知所云。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.

　　24. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing　steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the　　closing of the internal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new land　needed for further expansion of the American farming system. (4)

　　史學(xué)家弗雷德里克.杰.特納(Frederick J.Turner)于十九世紀(jì)九十年代著述道，美國(guó)約自18世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái)一直在持續(xù)不斷發(fā)展的農(nóng)民不滿，由于國(guó)內(nèi)邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)(internal frontier)的封閉而更趨加劇——亦即是說(shuō)，美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展所必需的可資利用的新土地幾近耗竭。

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾

　　解釋：典型的句子套句子。主句是F.J.T. wrote that，賓語(yǔ)從句中主干是the agrarian discontent had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier，在從句的主語(yǔ)the agrarian discontent后面又來(lái)了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing　steadily in the United States 　since about 1870 had been precipitated by the　　closing of the internal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new land　needed for further expansion of the American farming system.

　　25. In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may dine here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began， for the first time in large numbers，to　　investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political　and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local　magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. (4)

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)

　　譯文：二十世紀(jì)五十年代早期，研究前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲(此處我們可將其界定為約自1300年至1800年這一時(shí)期的歐洲)的史學(xué)家，首次以眾多的人數(shù)(楊鵬的書(shū)中：第一次以大量的數(shù)據(jù))，開(kāi)始調(diào)查前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲人口中的大多數(shù)，而非那些構(gòu)成了政治與社會(huì)精英階層的百分之二或三的人口，即國(guó)王、將軍、法官、貴族、主教、以及地方上的達(dá)官顯貴，而正是這部分人一直到那時(shí)為止普遍充斥于史學(xué)著作。

　　解釋：句子中有兩個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，一個(gè)是跟在preindustrial Europe之后的which we may dine here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800,這個(gè)插入語(yǔ)的直接作用是解釋前面的preindustrial Europe的年代，而起到的客觀作用則是把主句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)分割得很遠(yuǎn);第二個(gè)插入語(yǔ)是在began，for the first time in large numbers, to investingate中間，把一個(gè)好好的began to斬為兩段。

　　這句話另外一個(gè)難以理解的地方是more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent，表示的是在工業(yè)化以前的歐洲人口中超過(guò)了那2%到3%的人，亦即占97%到98%的人民群眾。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may dine here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began， for the first time in large numbers，to　　investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political　and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local　magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.

　　26. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie　have used the documents to extract case　histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include，but are not　　confined to，attitudes toward crime and　the law)and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. (3+

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)

　　譯文：象勒羅伊。拉迪里(Le Roy Ladurie)一類的史學(xué)家利用這些文獻(xiàn)史料從中挖掘出某些個(gè)案史(case history)來(lái)，闡明了不同社會(huì)群體的態(tài)度(這些態(tài)度包括，但并非局限于，對(duì)犯罪和法律的態(tài)度)，并揭示出當(dāng)局是如何執(zhí)行審判的。

　　解釋：逗號(hào)以后的內(nèi)容都是修飾逗號(hào)以前的case history的。在which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中有一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)(these attitudees includee, but are not confined to, attitudees toward crime and the law)，我們可以看到這個(gè)插入語(yǔ)中又套了一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)but not confined to。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie　have used the documents to extract case　histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include，but are not　　confined to，attitudes toward crime and　the law)and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.

　　27. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? (5)

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾

　　譯文：從文章中可以推斷出來(lái)，一個(gè)希望比較十五世紀(jì)以前一個(gè)十年的某個(gè)歐洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率與另外一個(gè)十年中的犯罪率的歷史學(xué)家將會(huì)被以下那種信息的提高所最好的幫助?

　　解釋：句首的it是形式主語(yǔ)，其具體內(nèi)容是從that開(kāi)始到句子結(jié)束的全部?jī)?nèi)容。That從句中，主語(yǔ)a historyian之后修飾它的超長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句是這個(gè)句子難以讀懂的原因。Compare crime rates with crime rates中間被修飾第一個(gè)crime rates的兩個(gè)修飾成分perthousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century分隔得很遠(yuǎn)。在with之后的第二個(gè)crime rates后面，省略了與前面重復(fù)的per thousand in a European city。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?

　　28. My point is that its central　consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender　　as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. (4)

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)

　　譯文：我的論點(diǎn)是，其作品的中心意識(shí)——它將階級(jí)和性別作為人們生活的決定性影響而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鑒了那個(gè)早期的文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)，而這一遺產(chǎn)就總體而言還尚未獲得大多數(shù)當(dāng)代文學(xué)評(píng)論家的足夠重視。

　　解釋：賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)被長(zhǎng)插入語(yǔ)分開(kāi)，造成閱讀障礙。插入語(yǔ)中有一個(gè)固定搭配understanding of A as B，是把A理解成B的意思。不過(guò)本句中as的賓語(yǔ)不容易理解：shaping influences on people’s lives可以理解成“形成了對(duì)人們生活的影響”也可以理解成“對(duì)人們生活的塑造性(決定性)影響”。當(dāng)然后面的理解是正確的，然而在閱讀現(xiàn)場(chǎng)想要在瞬間做出正確判斷，還有賴于考生的閱讀理解力和詞匯功底的深淺。插入語(yǔ)后面還有一個(gè)固定搭配：A owes much to B，指前者有很多東西是來(lái)自于后者，得益于后者的。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：My point is that its central　consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender　　as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.

　　29. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.(5)

　　即使是這樣的要求，即從這些材料中加工出來(lái)的生物材料應(yīng)該對(duì)受移植者的組織無(wú)害，也能夠通過(guò)從研究組織培養(yǎng)對(duì)生物材料的反應(yīng)而來(lái)的，或從研究短期移植而來(lái)的技術(shù)來(lái)滿足。

　　難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、專有名詞、固定搭配

　　解釋：主語(yǔ)the requirement后面帶著一個(gè)長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的修飾主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ);由于requirement的同位語(yǔ)中要求使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，所以其中的系動(dòng)詞成了原型(should be省略了should)。如此之長(zhǎng)的修飾成分過(guò)后，謂語(yǔ)can be met與主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系已經(jīng)很難理清了。從by開(kāi)始的狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)更為復(fù)雜;修飾techniques的后置的定語(yǔ)derived from studying the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials or derived from studying short-term implants實(shí)際上是由or所連接的兩個(gè)固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials;第二個(gè)derive from中還套了另外一個(gè)固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials;第二個(gè)derive from則干脆把derive給省略了。此外，本句的專有名詞奇多，這使得閱讀的難度非常高。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.

　　以上便是GRE難句解讀——提高GRE閱讀必須要過(guò)的第一關(guān)第三部分，希望對(duì)各位考生有所幫助。