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GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)整理:語言的起源.

2017/08/10 15:27:57 編輯: 阿根廷 瀏覽次數(shù):311 移動(dòng)端

  GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)的重要性毋庸置疑,如果我們能夠在考前看了一定數(shù)量的GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng),而在考試中能夠遇到一篇兩篇的無疑很好,即使不遇到在看了大 量的GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng),也往往有助于考生取得好成績(jī)。以上就是一篇關(guān)于語言的起源的GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng),希望可以幫到大家。

  一、主旨

  還有個(gè)閱讀是說語言和biology relationship(待確認(rèn))

  二、段落大意

  P1. conventional method只能trace the origin of language至thousands of years ago,但是a biologist運(yùn)用新方法能將其追溯至a hundred thousand years ago。這個(gè)方法類似DNA序列研究,利用statistics method來分析phoneme(音位,language中最小的單位),從而進(jìn)行推斷。這個(gè)biologist發(fā)現(xiàn)距離southwestern Africa越遠(yuǎn),氏族搬離的離這個(gè)地方越遠(yuǎn),語言中的pronounce越少,phoneme也就越少,這是生物多樣化基因不斷重組的結(jié)果。進(jìn)而得出the origin of language是在southwestern Africa的結(jié)論。/P越小說明語言才開始發(fā)展,然后人口遷徙P也會(huì)小。先是M開頭的一人給提出一個(gè)結(jié)論,根據(jù)statistical method,然后第一段最后一句又有個(gè)C開頭的人反駁M的觀點(diǎn)。然后兩個(gè)人就collaborate搞在一起干嘛了。

  P2. 就是說他的book有兩個(gè)主要觀點(diǎn),第一個(gè)觀點(diǎn):他發(fā)現(xiàn),人口穩(wěn)定下來,phoneme就開始進(jìn)化復(fù)雜。但人類很快遷徙,migration后,語言數(shù)量驟減,音節(jié)得不到發(fā)展,就保持簡(jiǎn)單,以致于遙遠(yuǎn)偏僻的部落音節(jié),反而簡(jiǎn)單。

  P3. 講第二個(gè)觀點(diǎn),都是什么人類遷移比語言發(fā)展要快還是慢?/一個(gè)地方說是說如果人口穩(wěn)定緩慢增長(zhǎng),P什么的會(huì)由slightly的增長(zhǎng)。此外如果migrate,P會(huì)一下子減少。期中一種P是PRONOUCE,另一種好像是P^^^M,不認(rèn)識(shí)也不記得了。其中一句是tribe migration的速度要快于new phoneme(音位,音素)產(chǎn)生的速度。

  三、題目

  Q1. 主旨題

  介紹一個(gè)人假設(shè)的核心觀點(diǎn)(大概這個(gè)意思)。(本月700 ,V33狗主)/介紹某人的假設(shè) (本月V38狗主)/ 介紹一個(gè)的研究還是什么學(xué)說(本月700狗主)

  Q2. 問什么能削弱他的假設(shè)的?/哪一項(xiàng)削弱了生物學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)?

  V1 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)非洲西南部的周圍地區(qū)人類出現(xiàn)的年代比其他地區(qū)要晚

  V2 選D,在東南亞附近的人類起源比其他地方更遠(yuǎn)。(本月700 ,V33狗主)

  狗主解釋:我現(xiàn)在都覺得怪,但是別的選項(xiàng)更奇怪。其他的不記得了

  V3選的某個(gè)地方離africa很遠(yuǎn),但是p很多樣化。(本月V38狗主)

  V4削弱那個(gè)有個(gè)選項(xiàng)我記得是什么在南非那邊附近一個(gè)最近populated的place 怎么怎么樣了好像是C 還有個(gè)選項(xiàng)是離南非比較遠(yuǎn)的一個(gè)地方的人說好幾種語言(我自己就想到了美國(guó))但是沒有提到音位我就判斷的無關(guān)。但是沒有說說我沒看到東南亞起源更遠(yuǎn)這個(gè)選項(xiàng)。(本月690)

  V5(疑似變體)這一篇是我遇到的第一篇當(dāng)時(shí)驚魂未定的現(xiàn)在都回憶不起來題目了對(duì)不起。。我就記得我考到了Q2的support形式,然后答案都奇奇怪怪的想了半天最后蒙了一個(gè)都不記得是什么了,但是我記得選項(xiàng)里有這題削弱形式的V1狗主說的類似的答案。(本月V31)

  Q3. 推斷題:說如果人口穩(wěn)定還是什么的,會(huì)怎么樣?

  V1備選答案里兩種P都出現(xiàn)了。忘了答案選什么了。

  V2p會(huì)增長(zhǎng)的很慢?(本月V38狗主)

  V3我選的是什么 slower than other languages(本月700狗主) 【V2,V3意思相近】

  V4我米有選V2 p會(huì)增長(zhǎng)的很慢,我選的是會(huì)帶了好的影響的那個(gè)(大概是這個(gè)意思吧,排除了負(fù)的影響。(本月V32狗主)

  Q4. DIVERSITY降低的同時(shí),伴隨著什么情況的發(fā)現(xiàn)

  在原文第二段的后半部分是定位,但具體原文記不清楚了

  Q5. 最先MIGRATE的那些部落,P會(huì)發(fā)生什么變化。

  四、備注

  1)有兩段。(有狗主反應(yīng)是三段)

  2)好像是一屏多吧,題目都是在第一屏上的,兩道推斷兮兮的題。

  3)本月V38(vivian447)狗主反映段落順序有點(diǎn)問題,也帖上來供參考和修改:

  補(bǔ)P1“進(jìn)而得出the origin of language是在southwestern Africa的結(jié)論。/P越小說明語言才開始發(fā)展,然后人口遷徙P也會(huì)小。先是M開頭的一人給提出一個(gè)結(jié)論,根據(jù)statistical method,然后第一段最后一句又有個(gè)C開頭的人反駁M的觀點(diǎn)。然后兩個(gè)人就collaborate搞在一起干嘛了?!?a href='http://goplaceswithdan.com/school/12210.html' target='_blank' style='color:#E95237'>---雪菲寂靜原文引用

  這一部分貌似是在P2。P1到提出某人的類生物方式研究語言起源,給出語言從southwestern Africa起源就結(jié)束了。而且貌似文中沒有某c的反駁觀點(diǎn),整文都是在講這種新的研究方式

  奇怪。。。我怎么記得是兩段呢?不能使我沒下拉屏幕漏看第三段啊。。。

  Anyway 上P2:類生物的研究方式呢,有兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)?內(nèi)容?,人口少呢,p就少, P會(huì)隨著就會(huì)隨著人口的發(fā)展而慢慢增長(zhǎng),但是呢人一遷徙,p呢就立馬不發(fā)展了。所以呢某些相對(duì)africa偏遠(yuǎn)的部落呢p就簡(jiǎn)單。這個(gè)呢就像是人的基因多樣化發(fā)展一樣,。。。。。。(不記得了),還有些說明blablablabla的話,記不得了(但應(yīng)該沒題)。最后是所以呢前面觀察到的離africa越遠(yuǎn)的的地方p越少呢,說明人類在africa剛發(fā)展起語言時(shí)就遷徙。

  五、背景知識(shí)

  奧克蘭大學(xué)(University of Auckland)的心理學(xué)家對(duì)世界語言多樣性的兩項(xiàng)重要研究分別刊登在《科學(xué)》(《Science》)和《自然》(《Nature》)雜志上。

  第一項(xiàng)研究是由Q. Atkinson博士所提出:人類語言起源于非洲。Atkinson對(duì)世界各地語言的系統(tǒng)分析結(jié)果表明:如同人類基因一樣,語言也是一次性起源于非洲撒哈拉以南地區(qū)。他對(duì)504種現(xiàn)代人類語言的音位(phonemes,一個(gè)語言系統(tǒng)中能夠區(qū)分詞義的最小的語音單位)進(jìn)行了統(tǒng)計(jì)對(duì)比,發(fā)現(xiàn)非洲地區(qū)語言的音位數(shù)量是最多的,而越遠(yuǎn)離非洲,音位數(shù)量越少。

  最少音位數(shù)量的語言出現(xiàn)在南美洲和太平洋地區(qū)的熱帶島嶼。Atkinson還注意到世界上各種語言音位數(shù)量的分布情況與人類基因多樣性的分布模式是一致的,與人類擴(kuò)散范圍的遠(yuǎn)近呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。

  一般來說,那些居住時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)的土著居民仍會(huì)使用的音位會(huì)越多(特別是在撒哈拉以南的非洲),而人類最近才遷徙到的地方音位會(huì)較少。

  在《自然》雜志上,奧克蘭大學(xué)的另外一名研究人員R. Gray及合作者則給出了人類大腦創(chuàng)作語言的一般規(guī)律。Gray教授說:“世界各地使用的語言多樣性十分令人吃驚,現(xiàn)在全球大約有7000多種語言在使用,有些語言只有十幾種發(fā)音,有的則超過一百多個(gè);有的單詞構(gòu)成很復(fù)雜,有的則很簡(jiǎn)單;有的動(dòng)詞在句首使用,有的在中間,有的則在句尾?!?/p>

  利用進(jìn)化生物學(xué)的計(jì)算方法,Gray和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)分析了詞序演化的全球模式:詞序特征依賴性在其中并不明顯,而每個(gè)語系都有各自獨(dú)立的演化趨勢(shì)。

  The detection of such an ancient signal in language is surprising. Because words change so rapidly, many linguists think that languages cannot be traced very far back in time. The oldest language tree so far reconstructed, that of the Indo-European family, which includes English, goes back 9,000 years at most.

  Dr. Atkinson is one of several biologists who have started applying to historical linguistics the sophisticated statistical methods developed for constructing genetic trees based on DNA sequences. These forts have been regarded with suspicion by some linguists. “We’re uneasy about mathematical modeling that we don’t understand juxtaposed to philological modeling that we do understand,” Brian D. Joseph, a linguist at Ohio State University, said about the Indo-European tree. But he thinks that linguists may be more willing to accept Dr. Atkinson’s new article because it does not conflict with any established area of linguistic scholarship.

  Quentin D. Atkinson, a biologist at the University of Auckland in New Zealand, has shattered this time barrier, if his claim is correct, by looking not at words but at phonemes — the consonants, vowels and tones that are the simplest elements of language. Dr. Atkinson, an expert at applying mathematical methods to linguistics, has found a simple but striking pattern in some 500 languages spoken throughout the world: A language area uses fewer phonemes the farther that early humans had to travel from Africa to reach it. Some of the click-using languages of Africa have more than 100 phonemes, whereas Hawaiian, toward the far end of the human migration route out of Africa, has only 13. English has about 45 phonemes.

  This pattern of decreasing diversity with distance, similar to the well-established decrease in genetic diversity with distance from Africa, implies that the origin of modern human language is in the region of southwestern Africa

  His study was prompted by a recent finding that the number of phonemes in a language increases with the number of people who speak it. This gave him the idea that phoneme diversity would increase as a population grew, but would fall again when a small group split off and migrated away from the parent group.

  Such a continual budding process, which is the way the first modern humans expanded around the world, is known to produce what biologists call a serial founder fect. Each time a smaller group moves away, there is a reduction in its genetic diversity. The reduction in phonemic diversity over increasing distances from Africa, as seen by Dr. Atkinson, parallels the reduction in genetic diversity already recorded by biologists.

  For either kind of reduction in diversity to occur, the population budding process must be rapid, or diversity will build up again. This implies that the human expansion out of Africa was very rapid at each stage. The acquisition of modern language, or the technology it made possible, may have prompted the expansion, Dr. Atkinson said.

  在這篇關(guān)于語言的起源的GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng),給出了文章的主旨,篇章結(jié)構(gòu),段落大意以及相關(guān)題目,考生可以有選擇的看看,最后祝大家都能考出好成績(jī)。

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