SAT語法要點(diǎn)之流水句.

　　在SAT語法題中，流水句的問題非常難以辨別。因?yàn)榱魉涫菨h語中特有的一類復(fù)合句，漢語句子的信息容量沒有語法形式上的限制，彈性很大，一句接著一句。只需要用逗號(hào)連接，恰似流水，可以無限制地?cái)U(kuò)展下去。但英語句子有各種語法形式要求，不接受這種表達(dá)方式。因此受漢語的影響，類似的逗號(hào)使用錯(cuò)誤和無標(biāo)點(diǎn)句是中國學(xué)生英語寫作中普遍出現(xiàn)的問題。以下是流水句的主要考試形式：

　　流水句考點(diǎn)小結(jié)

　　→流水句的典型結(jié)構(gòu)：SVO, (adv.) SVO.

　　→流水句的變形結(jié)構(gòu)：SVO, VO.

　　一、考點(diǎn)詳解

　　1. 流水句的典型結(jié)構(gòu)：SVO, (adv.) SVO.

　　簡單來講，流水句就是錯(cuò)誤地將兩個(gè)獨(dú)立分句合寫在一個(gè)句子里面，沒有正確地用標(biāo)點(diǎn)或連詞加以分離。流水句本質(zhì)上體現(xiàn)了英語中連詞與分句的數(shù)量關(guān)系要求：即兩個(gè)分句有且只有一個(gè)連詞，三個(gè)分句有且只有兩個(gè)連詞，以此類推。只要把握住該原則，流水句的問題就不難被發(fā)現(xiàn)。

　　閱讀以下例句，找出其中語法錯(cuò)誤。

　　例句1：Many students fool around after school and on weekends, consequently they do not have much time for doing their homework.

　　例句1是由兩個(gè)分句構(gòu)成：第一個(gè)分句為Many students fool around after school and on weekends, 第二個(gè)分句為consequently they do not have much time for doing their homework. 兩個(gè)分句之間沒有任何連詞，而使用逗號(hào)是不可以連接兩個(gè)分句的。

　　閱讀以下例句，找出其中語法錯(cuò)誤。

　　例句2：My grandfather never learned to use a calculator, as he shops he can accurately compute his grocery bill in his head to within a dollar.

　　例句2是由三個(gè)分句構(gòu)成：第一個(gè)分句為My grandfather never learned to use a calculator, 第二個(gè)分句為he shops, 第三個(gè)分句為he can accurately compute his grocery bill in his head to within a dollar. 而連接三個(gè)分句中只有一個(gè)連詞as，不符合連詞與分句的數(shù)量關(guān)系要求。

　　2. 流水句的變形結(jié)構(gòu)：SVO, VO.

　　以上兩個(gè)流水句的形式用句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析方法可以抽象為SVO, (adv.) SVO(例句1); SVO, conj. SVO SVO.(例句2)，這類句子都是典型的流水句結(jié)構(gòu)。除了上述流水句結(jié)構(gòu)之外，還會(huì)出現(xiàn)下面這種變形情況。

　　閱讀以下例句，找出其中語法錯(cuò)誤。

　　例句3：The beaver is the largest rodent in North America, has a large, flat, nearly hairless tail, webbed hind feet, and short front legs with hairy claws.

　　例句3是由一個(gè)完整分句The beaver is the largest rodent in North America, 一個(gè)不完整分句(缺少主語)large, flat, nearly hairless tail, webbed hind feet, and short front legs with hairy claws構(gòu)成，即SVO, VO.結(jié)構(gòu)，該結(jié)構(gòu)依然是流水句。

　　在SAT語法考題中，處理流水句，一般會(huì)采取以下幾種方法：

　?、俣禾?hào)變?yōu)榫涮?hào)，兩分句獨(dú)立成完整的句子。

　?、诙禾?hào)后用并列連詞連接兩分句

　　③變逗號(hào)為分號(hào)(可以使用連接副詞體現(xiàn)邏輯關(guān)系，如：therore, thus, however furthermore, nevertheless)

　?、苤饕志渥髦骶?，其它分句變成從屬結(jié)構(gòu)(從句或詞組，強(qiáng)調(diào)主句所表達(dá)的意義，弱化從屬結(jié)構(gòu)所表達(dá)的意義)

　　二、真題在現(xiàn)

　　1. The beaver is the largest rodent in North America, it has a large, flat, nearly hairless tail, webbed hind feet, and short front legs with hairy claws.

　　A) The beaver is the largest rodent in North America, it

　　B) The beaver being the largest rodent in North America, it

　　C) The beaver, the largest rodent in North America, which

　　D) The largest rodent in North America, the beaver

　　E) The largest rodents in North America, the beaver

　　解析：兩個(gè)分句形成了典型的SVO, SVO流水句結(jié)構(gòu)，選項(xiàng)中選擇正確的改正方式即可。

　　2. The vice president of the United States is also the president of the Senate, the vice president is not a senator and does not vote on Senate matters except to break a tie.

　　A) the vice president is not

　　B) the vice president, who is not

　　C) however, the vice president, not being

　　D) although the vice president is not

　　E) and the vice president, who is not

　　解析：兩個(gè)分句形成了典型的SVO, SVO流水句結(jié)構(gòu)，選項(xiàng)中選擇正確的改正方式即可。

　　3. The first 10,000 United States patents, they were known as the X-patents, were burned in a fire in 1836.

　　A) they were known

　　B) which they knew

　　C) which they know

　　D) to be known

　　E) known

　　解析：該題的句子結(jié)構(gòu)是S, SVO, VO, 這樣的句子結(jié)構(gòu)容易與插入語相混淆。如果插入的句子是完整的，且把它放到句首或句尾時(shí)，與另外一個(gè)句子形成流水句，那么在語法上該插入語就是錯(cuò)誤的。

　　4. A cure for some kinds of cancer, scientists believe, may be found within the next decade.

　　A) scientists believe, may be

　　B) scientists believe they may be

　　C) being maybe, in the beli of some scientists,

　　D) there are some scientists who believed it may be

　　E) which, some scientists believe, may be

　　解析：該題的句子結(jié)構(gòu)看似和上題相同，都是S, SVO, VO結(jié)構(gòu)，但如果把句子中的插入部分放到句首在進(jìn)行考察，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句主句+賓語從句scientists believe a cure for some kinds of cancer may be found within the next decade.

　　5. Americans vote for an electoral college, not a president, since such is the case, a candidate can win the popular vote but still lose the election.

　　A) since such is the case, a candidate can win the popular vote but still lose the election.

　　B) and a candidate can win the popular vote but still lose the election because of that.

　　C) a candidate can win the popular vote but still lose the election as a result.

　　D) a candidate can win the popular vote but still lose the election for this reason.

　　E) so a candidate can win the popular vote but still lose the election.

　　解析：三個(gè)分句，卻只有一個(gè)連詞since，流水句結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　6. As a result of budget cuts, the libraries were forced to reduce hours, this cutback is what many avid readers had campaigned against.

　　A) this cutback is what many avid readers had campaigned against.

　　B) because many avid readers had campaigned against this cutback.

　　C) the campaign many avid readers had was against this cut back.

　　D) a cutback many avid readers had campaigned against.

　　E) the cutback was campaigned against by many avid readers.

　　解析：兩個(gè)分句無連詞，As a result of為介詞短語。

　　7. My grandfather never learned to use a calculator, as he shops he can accurately compute his grocery bill in his head to within a dollar.

　　(A) as he shops

　　(B) while shopping

　　(C) but as he shops

　　(D) therore, when shopping

　　(E) however, he shops so tha

　　解析：三個(gè)分句，卻只有一個(gè)連詞as，流水句結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　8. Tickets are available at the box office they can be picked up one hour bore the performance.

　　(A) at the box office they can be picked up one hour bore the performance

　　(B) at the box office; they can be picked up one hour bore the performance

　　(C) one hour bore the performance, they can be picked up at the box office

　　(D) and that can be picked up at the box office one hour bore the performance

　　(E) at the box office, one hour bore the performance is when they can be picked up

　　解析：兩個(gè)分句無連詞，形成典型的流水句結(jié)構(gòu)SVOSVO(注意：該句中間無逗號(hào))。

　　9. After 1907, residents of the Omaha Reservation could use the hospital in Walthill, Nebraska, it was established by Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte, an Omaha Indian.

　　(A) hospital in Walthill, Nebraska, it was established by Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte, an Omaha Indian

　　(B) hospital; it was in Walthill, Nebraska and established by Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte, an Omaha Indian

　　(C) hospital that has been established by Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte, an Omaha Indian, in Walthill, Nebraska

　　(D) Walthill, Nebraska, hospital where an Omaha Indian, Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte, established it

　　(E) hospital established in Walthill, Nebraska, by Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte, an Omaha Indian

　　解析：兩個(gè)分句無連詞，形成典型的流水句結(jié)構(gòu)SVO，SVO。

　　10. Many psychologists do not use hypnosis in their practices, it is because they know very little about it and are wary of it as a result.

　　(A) practices, it is because they know very little about it and are wary of it as a result

　　(B) practices because they know very little about it and are therore wary of it

　　(C) practices for the reason that they know very little about it, with resulting wariness

　　(D) practices because of knowing very little about it and therore they are wary of it

　　(E) practices, their knowledge of it being very little results in wariness of it

　　解析：兩個(gè)分句無連詞，形成典型的流水句結(jié)構(gòu)SVO，SVO。

　　三、難點(diǎn)講解

　　流水句的難點(diǎn)在于連接副詞和連詞的區(qū)別：在英語中，有很多連接副詞，如however, therore，它們只能在意義和邏輯上連接兩個(gè)分句，而不能在語法上連接分句，所以需要對(duì)容易混淆的連接副詞和連詞重點(diǎn)掌握。

　　1. 連詞概覽

　　→并列連詞：

　　1) 表示意義轉(zhuǎn)折和對(duì)比的并列連詞：常見的有but , while, whereas, yet等。

　　2) 表示選擇的并列連詞：常見的有or, whether...or, neither...nor, either...or, otherwise 等。

　　3) 表示因果意義的并列并列連詞：常見的有 for, so等。

　　4) 表示承接關(guān)系的并列連詞：常見的有and, both...and, not only... but also等。

　　→從屬連詞：

　　1) 表示時(shí)間的從屬連詞，主要有 when, while, as, whenever, bore, after, since, until, till, as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when (一…就…)

　　2) 表示條件狀語從句的從屬連詞，主要有if, unless, as [so] long as, in case

　　3) 表示目的狀語從句的從屬連詞，主要有in order that, so that, in case, for fear that

　　4) 表示結(jié)果狀語從句的從屬連詞，主要有so that, so…that, such…that

　　5) 表示原因狀語從句的從屬連詞，主要有because, as, since, seeing that, now that, considering that

　　6) 表示讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞，主要有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever

　　7) 表示方式狀語從句的從屬連詞，主要有as, like, as if, as though, the way

　　8) 表示地點(diǎn)狀語從句的從屬連詞，主要有where, wherever, everywhere

　　9) 表示比較狀語從句的從屬連詞，主要有than和as…as

　　10) 表示名詞性從句的從屬連詞，主要有that, if, whether/以及各種疑問詞

　　2. 連接副詞和介詞短語概覽

　　1) 表遞進(jìn)moreover, in addition, additionally, furthermore, also, then, besides

　　2) 表轉(zhuǎn)折however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, yet

　　3) 表強(qiáng)調(diào)in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact, obviously, apparently

　　4) 表結(jié)果evidently, undoubtedly, therore, thus, hence, so, as a result, consequently, accordingly

　　5) 表比較similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally

　　6) 表對(duì)比by contrast, on the contrary, instead, otherwise, in contrast.

　　7) 表列舉for example, for instance, such as

　　8) 表時(shí)間later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, nowadays, lately, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now

　　四、難題專練

　　1. In their zeal to make beachfront living widely available, developers have overbuilt, thereby they endanger fragile coastlines.

　　(A) overbuilt, thereby they endanger fragile coastlines

　　(B) overbuilt they endanger fragile coastlines as a result

　　(C) overbuilt and thereby have endangered fragile coastlines

　　(D) overbuilt; fragile coastlines endangered thereby

　　(E) overbuilt, the fragile coastlines are endangered by this

　　解析：該題中兩分句之間的thereby是一個(gè)連接副詞，不可以在語法上連接兩個(gè)分句。

　　2. The fruit fly is often used to study genetic mechanisms, because it reproduces rapidly scientists can observe the fects of experiments on several generations.

　　(A) mechanisms, because it reproduces rapidly

　　(B) mechanisms, since it reproduces rapidly,

　　(C) mechanisms, since, with its rapid reproduction,

　　(D) mechanisms; because it reproduces rapidly,

　　(E) mechanisms; then rapid reproduction allows

　　解析：該題中是由三個(gè)分句組成，但三句之間只有一個(gè)連詞because。

　　3. When (A) the Spanish conquistadors reached Peru in 1532, they encountered (B) the vast empire of the Incas, it extended (C) along the Pacific coast of South America from modern Ecuador to central Chile and inland (D) across the Andes. No error (E)

　　解析：該題中是由三個(gè)分句組成，但三句之間只有一個(gè)連詞when。

　　4. When, after bleak and lonely years in an English public school, he returned to India, there was suddenly perceived by himself a strong desire to write about the people and land he loved.

　　(A) there was suddenly perceived by himself

　　(B) he suddenly was perceived

　　(C) suddenly the feeling that came to him being

　　(D) he suddenly felt

　　(E) suddenly he had the feeling of

　　解析：該題中是由三個(gè)分句組成，三句之中有出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)連詞when和after, 并沒有流水句的問題。

　　5. Intimacy, love, and marriage are three different, if interrelated, subjects.

　　(A) different, if interrelated, subjects.

　　(B) interrelated subjects, being, however, different

　　(C) different subjects, whereas they are interrelated

　　(D) different subjects when interrelated

　　(E) subjects that are different although being interrelated

　　解析：該題中是由兩個(gè)分句組成，兩句之中有出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)連詞if, 形式為插入語，并沒有流水句的問題。