SAT語法要點之句子殘缺.

2017/08/05 21:42:28 編輯：瀏覽次數(shù)：371 移動端

　　在SAT語法中涉及英語里的三種常見句式，即陳述句(如The weather is fine.)、祈使句(如Please close the door.)和疑問句(如Are you going to the dance next Saturday?)。所謂的句子殘缺(Sentence Fragment)指的就是在書面語中，一個完整的句子因為缺少某個部分，使得句子文法結構變得不完整，且造成理解上的困難或歧義。

　　一般來講，無論那種句式都應該有且只有一個主語部分和謂語部分，表達一個完整的意思。如果寫出的句子缺乏主語或謂語(省略除外)就表達不了一個完整的意思，在口語中我們可以接受這類的句子(如當朋友請你喝飲料時會問drink?)，但SAT的語法規(guī)范為標準的書面英語(standard written English)。因此，在口語中能夠被接受的表達方式在此類考試中是無法接受的。

　　句子殘缺考點小結

　　→句子缺少謂語

　　→過去分詞/現(xiàn)在分詞代替謂語動詞

　　→句子缺少主句

　　一、考點詳解

　　1. 句子缺少謂語

　　一般情況下，英語句子都是由主語和謂語這兩部分組成，相比之下，謂語顯得更為重要，因為謂語是陳述主語的所發(fā)出的動作、狀態(tài)以及與其他成分的關系。在漢語的表達中常會出現(xiàn)省略謂語動詞的情況，特別當謂語動詞為系動詞時，如“你的想法真不錯?！笔艿綕h語的影響，學生，特別是初學者，會用Your idea very nice類似的錯誤句子來表達。這種漢英的差異給學生學習英語帶來很多問題。英語要求每一個句子都必須出現(xiàn)謂語動詞。

　　閱讀以下例句，找出其中問題。

　　例句1：The idea of a safer cigarette not new, and Tobacco groups have toyed with the idea for 50 years but with no serious breakthroughs from either a health or a business perspective.

　　例句1是由and連接的兩個簡單句，前半部分缺少系動詞連接主語The idea of a safer cigarette和表語not new。所以應改為The idea of a safer cigarette is not new.

　　2. 過去分詞/現(xiàn)在分詞代替謂語動詞

　　在SAT試題中，往往出現(xiàn)一些形式類似謂語動詞的結構，出現(xiàn)在謂語位置上，比如現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞等。

　　閱讀以下例句，找出其中問題。

　　例句2：Although he only taught SAT for a week, he surprisingly scored 2350.

　　例句2是一個非常簡單的主從復合句，表面看來從句謂語動詞為taught，主句為scored，兩句都不缺乏任何部分，但該句的意義就明顯不符合邏輯：“盡管他只教了SAT一個星期，他卻出乎意料地考了2350分?！备鶕?jù)該句所要表達的意義，我們可以推測出應該是，“他只學了SAT一個星期”，而taught實際上是teach的過去分詞，缺少了be動詞形成被動，所以該句應該改為：Although he was only taught SAT for a week, he surprisingly scored 2350. 此類問題比較隱蔽，因為有些動詞的過去式與過去分詞是相同的，需要通過句子意義與邏輯去判斷。

　　閱讀以下例句，找出其中問題。

　　例句3： a) Betty Ford eulogized as trailblazer who helped millions

　　b) Betty Ford, whose frank talk about her travails of breast cancer, alcoholism and pill addiction made her for a time one of the nation&aposs most popular women, was eulogized as a courageous trailblazer Tuesday in this desert oasis where she and her late husband, former president Gerald Ford, lived after the White House.

　　例句3為刊登在USA today 上的一篇文章的標題和首段，我們先看一下標題a) ，eulogized是不是標題的謂語動詞呢?我們可以與b)相比較，b)句的主干為Betty Ford was eulogized as a courageous trailblazer，顯而易見，eulogized只是過去分詞，需要be動詞構成被動語態(tài)。標題中沒有出現(xiàn)be動詞主要是因為英文中的文章標題并不需要時一個完整的句子，使用名詞短語就可以，eulogized as trailblazer who helped millions在標題中充當?shù)氖且粋€定語，即過去分詞作定語。

　　閱讀以下例句，找出其中問題。

　　例句4：Responsible for running the biggest country in the world, Russia’s 45-year-old president seeming to exercise limited control over it.

　　該例句中，很顯然沒有正確的動詞形式來充當謂語，seeming放在主語Russia’s 45-year-old president后理應要做謂語，但是其形式為現(xiàn)在分詞，無法扮演該角色，所以應該改為seems/seemed。

　　3. 句子缺少主句

　　句子殘缺還表現(xiàn)在復合句中缺乏主句這一情況。

　　閱讀以下例句，找出其中問題。

　　例句5：The surge in silver prices which has attracted investors the world over, from China and India to the US, where the metal has become the investment of choice for Americans distrustful of the actions of the government and central bank.

　　在閱讀長難句時，首先要從分句(clause：分句的基本結構為：NP+ VP)層面觀察，因為復雜句都是由主要分句(主句)和次要分句(從句)構成，主句是必須出現(xiàn)的，而從句可以選擇出現(xiàn)。例句5中有兩個分句，第一個為which has attracted investors the world over, from China and India to the US; 第二個為where the metal has become the investment of choice for Americans distrustful of the actions of the government and central bank.兩個分句都是次要分句(從句)，所以該句缺少主句。這樣的句子殘缺問題，一般只要把其中一個從句改成主句就可以，例句5只要把第一個從句的which刪除，就可以變?yōu)橹骶洹?/p>

　　二、真題再現(xiàn)

　　1. Research has shown that children, born with the ability to learn any human language, even several languages at the same time.

　　(A) children, born with the ability to learn

　　(B) children, when born with the ability for learning

　　(D) children born with the ability to be learning

　　(E) children are born with the ability to learn

　　解析：該句子主句完整沒有問題，但其賓語從句中缺少謂語動詞，born為過去分詞不能單獨做謂語。

　　2. In 1882 there were only seven female doctors practicing in France, when in 1903 the number rising to 95.

　　(A) when in 1903 the number rising

　　(B) but by 1903 the number had risen

　　(D) there in 1903 the number rose

　　(E) however, in 1903 when the number had risen

　　解析：該句子主句完整沒有問題，但其狀語從句中缺少謂語動詞，rising現(xiàn)在分詞不能單獨做謂語。

　　3. In 1980 a scholar who was examining (A) a fifteenth-century letter-writing manual discovering (B) fragments from (C) love letters exchanged (D) between a famous twelfth-century couple, Abelard and Heloise. No error (E)

　　解析：該句子去掉定語從句等不相干成分，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)主句不完整，discovering現(xiàn)在分詞無法做該主句的謂語。

　　4. Sometimes loud and frequently annoying, crows spending a lot of time spreading trash across suburban lawns.

　　(A) crows spending

　　(B) crows to spend

　　(D) crows, which spend

　　(E) crows, they spend

　　解析：該句子去掉不相干成分，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)主句不完整，spending現(xiàn)在分詞不可以做謂語。

　　5. Although most people think of Egyptian papyrus as the earliest paper, during the Han Dynasty, the Chinese developing a process to create paper from individual plant fibers that was much closer to techniques used in modern papermaking.

　　(A) the Chinese developing a process to create paper from individual plant fibers that

　　(B) the Chinese developing a process and creating paper from individual plant fibers that

　　(D) the Chinese developed a process to create paper from individual plant fibers, it

　　(E) the Chinese developed a process to create paper from individual plant fibers that

　　解析：Although后面是個完整的從句，但在主句中雖然主語Chinese出現(xiàn)了，但沒有謂語動詞與之相配。分詞結構式不能做謂語的，即developing不能單獨做謂語。劃線部分的后面是that引導的定語從句，整個句子還是沒有主句。

　　6. Although the dancers were nervous at the beginning of their performance, having shown remarkable ease as the performance progressed.

　　(A) having shown remarkable ease as the performance

　　(B) once they have showed remarkable ease when the performance had been

　　(D) they showed remarkable ease as the performance

　　(E) but they showed remarkable ease when the performance

　　解析：Although引導一個從句，從句在逗號處結束，而逗號后的結構無法做主句，沒有主語和謂語。

　　7. Both Cinderella and Snow White being dependent on a prince to rescue them from unfortunate circumstances.

　　(A) Both Cinderella and Snow White being dependent on a prince to rescue them from unfortunate circumstances.

　　(B) Both Cinderella and Snow White were dependent on a prince to rescue them from unfortunate circumstances.

　　(D) Unfortunate circumstances were what both Cinderella and Snow White were dependent on a prince to rescue them from.

　　(E) Dependent on a prince to rescue them from unfortunate circumstance was both Cinderella and Snow White.

　　解析：該句沒有謂語動詞，being是現(xiàn)在分詞無法充當謂語。

　　8. The Beatles, remembered for their groundbreaking music, which dramatically affected the new, burgeoning teen culture of the band’s biggest fans.

　　(A) The Beatles, remembered for their groundbreaking music, which

　　(B) The Beatles are remembered for their groundbreaking music, it

　　(D) The Beatles, with their groundbreaking music that

　　(E) The Beatles, their groundbreaking music is remembered to have

　　解析：該句沒有謂語動詞，remembered是過去分詞無法充當謂語。

　　9. Found attached to the colon, the organ known as the appendix losing importance thousands of years ago through the process of evolution.

　　(A) the organ known as the appendix losing importance

　　(B) the organ known as the appendix has lost importance

　　(D) the organ known as the appendix lost importance

　　(E) importance of the organ known as the appendix was lost

　　解析：該句沒有謂語動詞，known為過去分詞，losing是現(xiàn)在分詞，都無法充當謂語。

　　10. During the early 1980’s, after performing in numerous local talent shows, my cousin, who had demonstrated her talent on the television show “Star Search”.

　　(A) cousin, who had demonstrated

　　(B) cousin, the demonstration of

　　(D) cousin demonstrated

　　(E) cousin, as a result of demonstrating

　　解析：該句沒有主句，只有一個定語從句。

　　三、難點聚焦

　　1. 過去分詞代替謂語動詞

　　句子殘缺的難點主要集中在句中以過去分詞代替謂語動詞，因為動詞的過去分詞往往與其過去時形式相同，所以容易被誤解為該句的謂語動詞。

　　閱讀以下例句，找出其中問題。

　　例句6：Iceland knew for its colorful tales, which poetically depict the dangerous, complex lives of the country’s earliest settlers.

　　該句是主從復合句，表面看來是一個主句與一個定語從句，而且兩句都很完整。但如果把knew看作主句Iceland knew for its colorful tales的謂語動詞，這句話意義就無法理解，所以根據(jù)該句意義，knew應該是被動表達be known形式。

　　2. 連詞與分句的數(shù)量關系

　　英語中連接分句的方式有多種，使用連詞是最常見的;但連詞的使用有很多要求，最基本的是兩句一連詞，三句兩連詞。

　　如：Someone borrowed my pen, but I don’t remember who.

　　You are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors.

　　但如果兩句使用兩個連詞，一句使用一個連詞，這在SAT的語法中都是不符合要求的。

　　閱讀以下例句，找出其中問題。

　　例句7：Although other private-equity houses would have been interested in Valentino, as it is a valuable brand with good potential for growth, but the price paid fectively killed off any competition.

　　例句7是三個分句構成，但三個分句都使用了連詞，分別是although, as, but: although和as都是從屬連詞，不可以單獨存在，上下文必須有主句，形成主從復合句;but是并列連詞，前后有應該是主句，顯而易見but前并不存在主句，所以必須把although刪除。

　　閱讀以下例句，找出其中問題。

　　例句8：But the money generated by the Valentino disposal will not be returned to investors.

　　例句8是一個非常常見的句子，現(xiàn)在的英語表達中已經接受了該表達形式，但嚴格意義上講，but為并列連詞，功能是連接兩個句子，所以這樣只連接一個主句的用法是錯誤的。一般情況下，在書面英語中，我們會使用具有轉折含義的副詞如however, nevertheless等替代。

　　四、難題透析

　　1. The teacher’s enthusiasm and obvious passion for the subject inspired students and bore they had never been interested in Shakespeare.

　　(A) students and bore they had never been interested in Shakespeare.

　　(B) students and they had never bore been interested in Shakespeare.

　　(D) students who had never bore been interested in Shakespeare.

　　(E) students that Shakespeare had never bore interested them.

　　解析：該句是由and連接的并列句，前后必須是兩個主句，但and后是以bore引導的狀語從句。

　　2. Because the flight was non-stop, and so they able to sleep for a number of hours.

　　(A) and so they able to sleep for a number of hours.

　　(B) therore for a number of hours they slept.

　　(D) therore they were sleeping for a number of hours.

　　(E) sleeping for a number of hours was possible for them.

　　解析：該句是由and連接的并列句，前后必須是兩個主句，但and前是以because引導的原因狀語從句。

　　3. The problem of food and aid distribution, frequently compounded in certain countries because corrupt officials and poor infrastructure making accessing the neediest people all the more challenging.

　　(A) distribution, frequently compounded in certain countries because

　　(B) distribution, frequently compounded in certain countries and

　　(D) distribution is frequently compounded in certain countries where

　　(E) distribution is frequently compounded in certain countries and

　　解析：該句是由because連接的主從復合句，主句中動詞compound意思為“加重;使化合”，一般用被動形式，所以必須有be動詞才能形成真正地謂語。

　　4. While it may (A) appear that stewardesses are concerned solely (B) about passengers’ comfort, but they (C) are in fact extensively schooled (D) in flight safety. No error. (E)

　　解析：該句是由but連接的并列句，前后必須是兩個主句，但but前是以while引導的狀語從句。

　　5. In many large cities in the United States, the presence of a culturally (A) diverse population has led (B) to repeated calls that (C) curricula taught wholly or partly (D) in languages other than English. No error (E)

　　解析：repeated calls that后引導到得應該是一個同位語從句，但該從句中taught無法做謂語，它在這里是一個過去分詞，應該使用be taught。

SAT語法要點之句子殘缺真題再現(xiàn)難點聚焦難題透析

　　句子殘缺考點小結

　　→句子缺少謂語

　　→過去分詞/現(xiàn)在分詞代替謂語動詞

　　→句子缺少主句

　　一、考點詳解

　　1. 句子缺少謂語

　　閱讀以下例句，找出其中問題。

　　例句1：The idea of a safer cigarette not new, and Tobacco groups have toyed with the idea for 50 years but with no serious breakthroughs from either a health or a business perspective.

　　例句1是由and連接的兩個簡單句，前半部分缺少系動詞連接主語The idea of a safer cigarette和表語not new。所以應改為The idea of a safer cigarette is not new.

　　2. 過去分詞/現(xiàn)在分詞代替謂語動詞

　　在SAT試題中，往往出現(xiàn)一些形式類似謂語動詞的結構，出現(xiàn)在謂語位置上，比如現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞等。

　　閱讀以下例句，找出其中問題。

　　例句2：Although he only taught SAT for a week, he surprisingly scored 2350.

　　閱讀以下例句，找出其中問題。

　　例句3： a) Betty Ford eulogized as trailblazer who helped millions

　　閱讀以下例句，找出其中問題。

　　例句4：Responsible for running the biggest country in the world, Russia’s 45-year-old president seeming to exercise limited control over it.

　　3. 句子缺少主句

　　句子殘缺還表現(xiàn)在復合句中缺乏主句這一情況。

　　閱讀以下例句，找出其中問題。